Analysis of the optimal operation frequency with lowest time-delay jitter for an electrically triggered field-distortion spark gap

This work was stimulated by the assumption that for a gas-filled spark gap closing switch operating at a high repetition frequency, there is an optimal frequency range in which the time-delay jitter reaches a minimum value. The experiments to test this assumption use an electrically triggered, field-distortion spark gap filled with the SF6/N2 gas mixture. The results show that indeed, the time-delay jitter decreases for a range of frequencies for which the filling gas can substantially restore the interelectrode insulation before increasing at a higher operation frequency. The experimental results demonstrate the correctness of the abovepresented assumption: the time-delay jitter of the field-distortion spark gap has its minimum when the unit operates in the repetition frequency range between 20 and 30 Hz. Since the recovery time depends on the gas species and the gap distance, the optimum operation frequency range should also vary depending on the spark-gap distance and the filling gas properties

TiO₂ Nanoparticles Dual-Modified with Ionic Liquid and Acetic Acid for Use as Electrorheological Materials to Achieve Ultrahigh and Stable Electroresponsive Performances

TiO2 nanoparticles modified by ionic liquid (IL), which are called inorganic ionogels, have shown improved electroresponsive electrorheological (ER) characteristics due to the contribution of IL to the polarizability and conductivity of the nanoparticles. However, the IL on the particle surface readily generates a large current density under high-strength electric fields, limiting the further application of IL-containing electroresponsive materials. In this study, 1, 3-disulfonic acid imidazolium chloride ([Dsim]Cl) ionic liquid and acetic acid (AA) dual-modified TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2-[Dsim]Cl-AA) were fabricated to solve this problem without significantly reducing the ER properties of the nanoparticles. The morphologies and structures of the TiO2-[Dsim]Cl-AA nanoparticles modified with different amounts of AA were synthesized and investigated. The rheological analysis indicated that the TiO2 ionogel nanoparticles modified by an appropriate amount of AA can effectively reduce the leakage current density of the ER fluid. With a relatively low particle volume fraction of 25%, the ER fluid showed ultrahigh yield stress up to 128 kPa and low zero-field viscosity of 7 Pa·s. In addition, the ER fluid also showed a stable ER effect in a broad temperature range of 5–85 °C and a slow sedimentation rate with time. The IL and AA dual-modified TiO2 nanoparticles with an ultrahigh yield stress, broad working temperature range, and high antisettling stability will be excellent ER candidates for practical application

Design Strategy for Water/Temperature-Resistant Acrylic-Based Adhesives with Green Recall

Adhesives that are durable, recyclable, and cost-effective are highly attractive for both environmental and economic reasons. Although polyurethane- and epoxy-based adhesives have good weather resistance, they are difficult to recycle and expensive. Acrylic-based adhesives have high adhesion strength and low cost but perform poorly in wet and hot environments due to their susceptibility to attack by water molecules. Here, we demonstrate a hydrogen bond (H-bond) protection strategy based on the α-methyl group that can significantly improve the stability of adhesives in aqueous and thermal environments without chemical cross-linking, which is not conducive to green recycling. This strategy results in an adhesive with an adhesion strength of 2.2 MPa at 80 °C underwater. Reversible and mild aggregation not only allows the adhesive to be completely green recovered but also applies to biofriendly adhesion. This strategy contributes to cost-effective and environmentally friendly adhesive solutions

Reactivity Studies of [Co@Sn₉]^4– with Transition Metal Reagents: Bottom-Up Synthesis of Ternary Functionalized Zintl Clusters

The binary cluster [Co@Sn₉]^4– (<b>1</b>) was extracted directly from ethylenediamine (en) solutions of an intermetallic precursor with nominal composition “K₅Co₃Sn₉”, and its reactions with various organometallic reagents were explored. Reaction with Ni­(PPh₃)₂(CO)₂ gives [Co@Sn₉Ni­(CO)]^3– (<b>2</b>), a Co-centered <i>closo</i>-Sn₉Ni bicapped square antiprism. Analogous reactions with Ni­(COD)₂, Pt­(PPh₃)₄, and Au­(PPh₃)­Ph led to the isolation of [Co@Sn₉Ni­(C₂H₄)]^3– (<b>3</b>), [Co@Sn₉Pt­(PPh₃)]^3– (<b>4</b>), and [Co@Sn₉AuPh]^3– (<b>5</b>), respectively. <b>3</b> is structurally similar to <b>2</b> but significantly distorted from a <i>closo</i>-cluster with one open square face. The coordination of [CoSn₉]^3– by PtPPh₃ (<b>4</b>) or AuPh (<b>5</b>) induces a structural transformation in the CoSn₉ core, from a monocapped square antiprism (<i>C</i>_4<i>v</i>) to a tricapped trigonal prismatic structure (<i>pseudo</i>-<i>C</i>_3<i>v</i>), with the transition metal fragment capping a triangular face. The four trimetallic anions presented here represent a new family of ternary functionalized Zintl clusters incorporating a d⁹ transition metal center. All clusters were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS)

Detection of the number of migrating and invasive TC cells by Transwell migration and invasion experiments.

A: Transwell migration experiment was used to detect the migration of TC cell in TIM3-inhibitor and TIM3-mimic groups (×400); B: Statistical analysis of the migration of TC cell in TIM3-inhibitor and TIM3-mimic groups; C: Transwell invasion experiment was used to detect the invasion of TC cell in TIM3-inhibitor and TIM3-mimic groups (×400); D: Statistical analysis of the invasion of TC cell in TIM3-inhibitor and TIM3-mimic groups. ** represents p p p < 0.0001.</p

Western blotting was performed to detect the expression of p-ERK1/2, t-ERK1/2, MMP-2 and MMP-9 in TC cell of TIM3-inhibitor and TIM3-mimic groups.

A: Protein band pattern of p-ERK1/2, t-ERK1/2, MMP-2, and MMP-9; B: The statistical analysis of protein expression of p-ERK1/2, t-ERK1/2, MMP-2, and MMP-9. * represents p p < 0.01. Ns: not significant.</p

Western blotting was performed to detect the expression of p-ERK1/2, t-ERK1/2, MMP-2 and MMP-9 in TC cell of U0126 and mimic+U0126 groups.

A: Protein band pattern of p-ERK1/2, t-ERK1/2, MMP-2, and MMP-9; B: The statistical analysis of protein expression of p-ERK1/2, t-ERK1/2, MMP-2, and MMP-9. * represents p p p < 0.0001. Ns: not significant.</p

PPI network analysis of 316 common DEGs in TC.

A: Total PPI network of 316 common DEGs was visualized by Cytoscape software; B: PPI sub-network containing TIM3 was visualized by Cytoscape software.</p

The PCA diagrams, volcano plots and heat maps of DEGs in the GSE104005 and GSE138198 datasets.

A: PCA diagram of DEGs in the GSE104005 dataset. Red circles and cyan triangles represent case and control samples, respectively. B: Volcano plot of DEGs in the GSE104005 dataset. X-axis and Y-axis presents -log10 (P-value) and log2Fold Change, respectively. Blue and red color represents down-regulated and up-regulated, respectively. C: Heat map of DEGs in the GSE104005 dataset. Red indicates above the reference channel. Blue indicates below the reference channel. D: PCA diagram of DEGs in the GSE138198 dataset. Red circles and cyan triangles represent case and control samples, respectively. E: Volcano plot of DEGs in the GSE138198 dataset. X-axis and Y-axis presents -log10 (P-value) and log2Fold Change, respectively. Blue and red color represents down-regulated and up-regulated, respectively. F: Heat map of DEGs in the GSE138198 dataset. Red indicates above the reference channel. Blue indicates below the reference channel.</p

Human participants research checklist.

BackgroundThis study aims to study the possible action mechanism of T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM3) on the migratory and invasive abilities of thyroid carcinoma (TC) cells.MethodsGSE104005 and GSE138198 datasets were downloaded from the GEO database for identifying differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Functional enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis were performed on the common DEGs in GSE104005 and GSE138198 datasets. Subsequently, in order to understand the effect of a common DEG (TIM3) on TC cells, we performed in vitro experiments using FRO cells. The migratory and invasive abilities of FRO cells were detected by wound scratch assay and Transwell assay. Proteins expression levels of the phosphorylated (p)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 were determined via Western blotting after ERK1/2 inhibition in TIM3-NC group and TIM3-mimic group.Results316 common DEGs were identified in GSE104005 and GSE138198 datasets. These DEGs were involved in the biological process of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade. TIM3 was significantly up-regulated in TC. In vitro cell experiments showed that TIM3 could promote migration and invasion of TC cells. Moreover, TIM3 may affect the migration, invasive abilities of TC cells by activating the ERK1/2 pathway.ConclusionThe above results indicate that TIM3 may affect the migratory and invasive of TC cells by activating the ERK1/2 pathway.</div