38 research outputs found
Two-Way Reversible Shape Memory Polymers Containing Polydopamine Nanospheres: Light Actuation, Robotic Locomotion, and Artificial Muscles
Two-way
reversible shape memory polymers (2W-SMPs), especially
those that are light-responsive, are highly desirable for many applications,
especially in the biomedical field, because of the convenience of
indirect heating. We have designed and prepared a series of light-actuated
2W-SMP composites by incorporating very small amounts of polydopamine
(PDA) nanospheres into semicrystalline polymer networks based on biodegradable
poly(ε-caprolactone) copolymers. PDA nanospheres can be well
dispersed in chloroform and well mixed with the polymer network. PDA
nanospheres manifest good photothermal effect because of their strong
absorption of light. The variation in temperature of the polymer composites
can be correlated with irradiation time, light intensity, and the
content of PDA nanospheres. Equations are developed to fit the temperature
changes of the materials as a function of irradiation power and of
the PDA particles content for a better understanding of the kinetics
of the light-to-heat conversion. These polymer composites show excellent
two-way reversible shape memory effects (2W-SMEs) under stress-free
condition when the light is switched on and off showing a reversible
angle change of 45°. The speed of angle change is larger for
polymer composites irradiated with a stronger light or with a higher
content of PDA nanospheres. This is the first report on 2W-SMPs using
incorporated PDA nanospheres as photothermal fillers. A moving robot
is designed based on photoresponsive 2W-SMP composites, which can
walk on a track with triangular saw-teeth. This composite is capable
of lifting and lowering a weight, acting as artificial muscles, and
its actuated stress is much higher than the maximum stress yielded
by most mammalian skeletal muscles. The use of biodegradable polyesters
and thermal fillers made of a natural compound dopamine makes such
composites potentially useful as biomaterials
Two-Way Reversible Shape Memory Polymers Containing Polydopamine Nanospheres: Light Actuation, Robotic Locomotion, and Artificial Muscles
Two-way
reversible shape memory polymers (2W-SMPs), especially
those that are light-responsive, are highly desirable for many applications,
especially in the biomedical field, because of the convenience of
indirect heating. We have designed and prepared a series of light-actuated
2W-SMP composites by incorporating very small amounts of polydopamine
(PDA) nanospheres into semicrystalline polymer networks based on biodegradable
poly(ε-caprolactone) copolymers. PDA nanospheres can be well
dispersed in chloroform and well mixed with the polymer network. PDA
nanospheres manifest good photothermal effect because of their strong
absorption of light. The variation in temperature of the polymer composites
can be correlated with irradiation time, light intensity, and the
content of PDA nanospheres. Equations are developed to fit the temperature
changes of the materials as a function of irradiation power and of
the PDA particles content for a better understanding of the kinetics
of the light-to-heat conversion. These polymer composites show excellent
two-way reversible shape memory effects (2W-SMEs) under stress-free
condition when the light is switched on and off showing a reversible
angle change of 45°. The speed of angle change is larger for
polymer composites irradiated with a stronger light or with a higher
content of PDA nanospheres. This is the first report on 2W-SMPs using
incorporated PDA nanospheres as photothermal fillers. A moving robot
is designed based on photoresponsive 2W-SMP composites, which can
walk on a track with triangular saw-teeth. This composite is capable
of lifting and lowering a weight, acting as artificial muscles, and
its actuated stress is much higher than the maximum stress yielded
by most mammalian skeletal muscles. The use of biodegradable polyesters
and thermal fillers made of a natural compound dopamine makes such
composites potentially useful as biomaterials
Two-Way Reversible Shape Memory Polymers Containing Polydopamine Nanospheres: Light Actuation, Robotic Locomotion, and Artificial Muscles
Two-way
reversible shape memory polymers (2W-SMPs), especially
those that are light-responsive, are highly desirable for many applications,
especially in the biomedical field, because of the convenience of
indirect heating. We have designed and prepared a series of light-actuated
2W-SMP composites by incorporating very small amounts of polydopamine
(PDA) nanospheres into semicrystalline polymer networks based on biodegradable
poly(ε-caprolactone) copolymers. PDA nanospheres can be well
dispersed in chloroform and well mixed with the polymer network. PDA
nanospheres manifest good photothermal effect because of their strong
absorption of light. The variation in temperature of the polymer composites
can be correlated with irradiation time, light intensity, and the
content of PDA nanospheres. Equations are developed to fit the temperature
changes of the materials as a function of irradiation power and of
the PDA particles content for a better understanding of the kinetics
of the light-to-heat conversion. These polymer composites show excellent
two-way reversible shape memory effects (2W-SMEs) under stress-free
condition when the light is switched on and off showing a reversible
angle change of 45°. The speed of angle change is larger for
polymer composites irradiated with a stronger light or with a higher
content of PDA nanospheres. This is the first report on 2W-SMPs using
incorporated PDA nanospheres as photothermal fillers. A moving robot
is designed based on photoresponsive 2W-SMP composites, which can
walk on a track with triangular saw-teeth. This composite is capable
of lifting and lowering a weight, acting as artificial muscles, and
its actuated stress is much higher than the maximum stress yielded
by most mammalian skeletal muscles. The use of biodegradable polyesters
and thermal fillers made of a natural compound dopamine makes such
composites potentially useful as biomaterials
Two-Way Reversible Shape Memory Polymers Containing Polydopamine Nanospheres: Light Actuation, Robotic Locomotion, and Artificial Muscles
Two-way
reversible shape memory polymers (2W-SMPs), especially
those that are light-responsive, are highly desirable for many applications,
especially in the biomedical field, because of the convenience of
indirect heating. We have designed and prepared a series of light-actuated
2W-SMP composites by incorporating very small amounts of polydopamine
(PDA) nanospheres into semicrystalline polymer networks based on biodegradable
poly(ε-caprolactone) copolymers. PDA nanospheres can be well
dispersed in chloroform and well mixed with the polymer network. PDA
nanospheres manifest good photothermal effect because of their strong
absorption of light. The variation in temperature of the polymer composites
can be correlated with irradiation time, light intensity, and the
content of PDA nanospheres. Equations are developed to fit the temperature
changes of the materials as a function of irradiation power and of
the PDA particles content for a better understanding of the kinetics
of the light-to-heat conversion. These polymer composites show excellent
two-way reversible shape memory effects (2W-SMEs) under stress-free
condition when the light is switched on and off showing a reversible
angle change of 45°. The speed of angle change is larger for
polymer composites irradiated with a stronger light or with a higher
content of PDA nanospheres. This is the first report on 2W-SMPs using
incorporated PDA nanospheres as photothermal fillers. A moving robot
is designed based on photoresponsive 2W-SMP composites, which can
walk on a track with triangular saw-teeth. This composite is capable
of lifting and lowering a weight, acting as artificial muscles, and
its actuated stress is much higher than the maximum stress yielded
by most mammalian skeletal muscles. The use of biodegradable polyesters
and thermal fillers made of a natural compound dopamine makes such
composites potentially useful as biomaterials
Core Cross-linked Micelles Made of Glycopolymers Bearing Dopamine and Cholic Acid Pendants
A series of block glycopolymers bearing
galactose, dopamine, and
cholic acid (CA) pendants have been synthesized by RAFT polymerization.
These copolymers can self-assemble into micelles in water. The dopamine
moieties, located near the interface of the core and shell of the
micelles, can self-polymerize in a weakly basic solution, stabilizing
the micelles in both water and organic solvent (DMSO). The cross-linked
micelles are smaller in size than the uncross-linked precursors. Introducing
more CA groups into the copolymers promotes the self-assembly to form
larger aggregates, controls the cross-linking of the stabilized micelles,
and facilitates the encapsulation of hydrophobic compounds such as
Nile Red (NR). The amount of CA comonomers added also helps to control
the cross-linking density, which affects the loading and release of
NR. The core cross-linked micelles displayed a slow but sustained
NR release and interact effectively with lectin (RCA<sub>120</sub>), demonstrating their potential use as a biocompatible multifunctional
platform for targeted release of drugs
Thermoresponsiveness of Copolymers Bearing Cholic Acid Pendants Induced by Complexation with β‑Cyclodextrin
Copolymers of <i>N</i>-alkylacrylamides
and methacrylate
bearing cholic acid pendant groups were synthesized via radical polymerization.
The cholic acid pendant groups of such copolymers can form complexes
with β-cyclodextrin, and the effect of complexation on their
thermoresponsive properties was studied. The phase transition temperatures
(transition from hydrophilic to hydrophobic state) of the copolymers
gradually increase with the addition of β-cyclodextrin, due
to the complexation of the cholic acid guest with the β-cyclodextrin
host. The increase of the phase transition temperature may be reversed
by the addition of a competing guest molecule, potassium 1-adamantylcarboxylate.
The host–guest complexation provides a straightforward way
to vary the thermoresponsive properties of such copolymers
Thermo- and pH-Responsive Copolymers Bearing Cholic Acid and Oligo(ethylene glycol) Pendants: Self-Assembly and pH-Controlled Release
A family of block and random copolymers
of norbornene derivatives
bearing cholic acid and oligo(ethylene glycol) pendants were prepared
in the presence of Grubbs’ catalyst. The phase transition temperature
of the copolymers in aqueous solutions may be tuned by the variation
of comonomer ratios and pH values. Both types of copolymers formed
micellar nanostructures with a hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) shell
and a hydrophobic core containing cholic acid residues. The micellar
size increased gradually with increasing pH due to the deprotonation
of the carboxylic acid groups. These micelles were capable of encapsulating
hydrophobic compounds such as Nile Red (NR). A higher hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity
ratio in both copolymers resulted in a higher loading capacity for
NR. With similar molecular weights and monomer compositions, the block
copolymers showed a higher loading capacity for NR than the random
copolymers. The NR-loaded micelles exhibited a pH-triggered release
behavior. At pH 7.4 within 96 h, the micelles formed by the block
and random of copolymers released 56 and 97% NR, respectively. Therefore,
these micelles may have promise for use as therapeutic nanocarriers
in drug delivery systems
Self-Healing Supramolecular Hydrogel Made of Polymers Bearing Cholic Acid and β‑Cyclodextrin Pendants
Natural compounds cholic acid and
β-cyclodextrin are attached
separately as pendant groups in a copolymer with <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>′-dimethylacrylamides. The formation of
supramolecular hydrogels is induced by inclusion complex formation
between cholic acid and β-cyclodextrin moieties as evidenced
by rheological analysis and <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectroscopy. Storage
modulus of the hydrogel shows a maximum value when the molar ratio
of cholic acid to β-cyclodextrin units is adjusted to 1:1. The
concentration of the hydrogel can be as low as 5.5 wt %. Both shear-thickening
and shear-thinning have been observed when the shear rate gradually
increases from 0.01 to 100 s<sup>–1</sup>. The inclusion complexation
renders the gel–sol process reversible under heating and cooling
cycles. The self-healing of such hydrogels is observed and confirmed
by step-strain rheological measurements. The dynamically reversible
host–guest complexation provides reasonably good mechanical
properties of the cross-linked polymer network. The natural origin
of the constituents may make the hydrogels suitable candidates for
biomedical applications pending further tests
Two-Step Enzymatic Synthesis of Biocompatible Polymers Made from Cholic Acid
Polyesters are known biodegradable
materials that are frequently
used for biomedical applications that require biocompatibility. Their
synthesis usually requires transition metal catalysts, which may become
a source of contamination. In addition, using such compounds translates
to extensive purification procedures, which do not agree with green
chemistry principles. In addition to being renewable, enzymes such
as lipases are milder for biological systems, and were studied for
both ring-closure and ring-opening reactions. Here, Candida antarctica lipase B was used in ring-closure,
reducing a two-step synthesis to a single step with 58% yield. The
bile acid-containing macrocycles were subsequently polymerized with
the same enzyme; relatively high molar masses (40 000 g/mol) were
obtained. The conditions for the enzymatic ring-closure and ring-opening
reactions were established through the reaction of thapsic acid with
1,10-decanediol. The di- and tetralactones afforded semicrystalline
polymers with relatively high molar masses. Therefore, lipases were
successfully used for both ring-closing reactions and ring-opening
polymerizations of large rigid moieties as well as more flexible structures.
The use of enzymes for the multistep syntheses shows their utility
as a simple and green method for monomer and polymer synthesis with
better biocompatibility and tunable properties
CO<sub>2</sub>‑Switchable Self-Healing Host–Guest Hydrogels
The
use of natural compounds to construct reversible networks is
an attractive strategy in biomaterials design. Our design is based
on a host–guest pair of natural compounds β-cyclodextrin
and cholic acid through the use of a cholic acid dimer tethered with
a poly(ethylene glycol) spacer, which subsequently served as a guest
cross-linker to afford a hydrogel with copolymers bearing β-cyclodextrin
pendants. The hydrogel after incision self-heals rapidly under ambient
atmosphere as observed and confirmed by rheological measurements.
To endow the hydrogels with reversibility and responsiveness, the
addition of a CO<sub>2</sub>-switchable guest of benzimidazole followed
by alternating treatments with CO<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub> leads
to a reversible sol–gel transition due to the dynamic complexation
between the cholic acid and β-cyclodextrin units. The CO<sub>2</sub> responsiveness and the natural origin of the constituents
make these self-healing hydrogels attractive as smart biomaterials