Time course of transcription factor induction after stimulation with TPA and ionomycin

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Cytokine profiles of cord and adult blood leukocytes: differences in expression are due to differences in expression and activation of transcription factors"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2172/8/18</p><p>BMC Immunology 2007;8():18-18.</p><p>Published online 31 Aug 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2018703.</p><p></p> ABL and CBL were harvested at different time points by lysing cells. mRNA levels were determined for T-bet (A), GATA-3 (B), and c-maf (C). Data points are mean ± standard error for 6 donors. *< 0.05 ABL vs. CBL

Kinetics of cytokine induction after stimulation with TPA and ionomycin

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Cytokine profiles of cord and adult blood leukocytes: differences in expression are due to differences in expression and activation of transcription factors"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2172/8/18</p><p>BMC Immunology 2007;8():18-18.</p><p>Published online 31 Aug 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2018703.</p><p></p> ABL and CBL were harvested at different time points by lysing cells. mRNA levels for IFNγ (A), IL-4 (B), and IL-3 (C) were determined as in Figure 1. Data points are the mean ± standard error for 6 donors. *< 0.05, **< 0.01 ABL vs. CBL

Induction of transcription factors in ABL and CBL after stimulation for 4 hrs

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Cytokine profiles of cord and adult blood leukocytes: differences in expression are due to differences in expression and activation of transcription factors"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2172/8/18</p><p>BMC Immunology 2007;8():18-18.</p><p>Published online 31 Aug 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2018703.</p><p></p> mRNA levels of T-bet (A), GATA-3 (B), and c-maf (C) were determined using real-time RT-PCR. Data are expressed as arbitrary units normalized to β-actin to correct for RNA quantity and integrity. Columns are the mean ± standard for 3 donors. The inset shows the correlation between expression of the respective transcription factor with IFNγ and IL-4. Dotted line indicates basal transcript levels. Iono – Ionomycin

Variation in chemical composition and physical characteristics of cereal grains from different genotypes

<p>Genotypes of cereal grains, including winter barley (<i>n</i> = 21), maize (<i>n</i> = 27), oats (<i>n</i> = 14), winter rye (<i>n</i> = 22), winter triticale (<i>n</i> = 21) and winter wheat (<i>n</i> = 29), were assayed for their chemical composition and physical characteristics as part of the collaborative research project referred to as GrainUp. Genotypes of one grain species were grown on the same site, except maize. In general, concentrations of proximate nutrients were not largely different from feed tables. The coefficient of variation (CV) for the ether extract concentration of maize was high because the data pool comprised speciality maize bred for its high oil content. A subset of 8 barley, 20 rye, 20 triticale and 20 wheat samples was analysed to differ significantly in several carbohydrate fractions. Gross energy concentration of cereal grains could be predicted from proximate nutrient concentration with good accuracy. The mean lysine concentration of protein was the highest in oats (4.2 g/16 g N) and the lowest in wheat (2.7 g/16 g N). Significant differences were also detected in the concentrations of macro elements as well as iron, manganese, zinc and copper. Concentrations of arsenic, cadmium and lead were below the limit of detection. The concentration of lower inositol phosphates was low, but some inositol pentaphosphates were detected in all grains. In barley, relatively high inositol tetraphosphate concentration also was found. Intrinsic phytase activity was the highest in rye, followed by triticale, wheat, barley and maize, and it was not detectable in oats. Substantial differences were seen in the thousand seed weight, test weight, falling number and extract viscoelasticity characteristics. The study is a comprehensive overview of the composition of different cereal grain genotypes when grown on the same location. The relevance of the variation in composition for digestibility in different animal species will be subject of other communications.</p