The Northern Hijaz in the writings of the Arab geographers, 800-1150.

This thesis is divided into three parts. Part One summarises the description of individual localities in the Northern Hijaz as presented in the writings of the Arab geographers in the period 800-1150. Since it is not practicable to include all the information they proffer on all localities of this region, a representative selection of places is given, arranged alphabetically, each entry containing a synopsis of the data supplied by the Arab geographers of this period. This part of the thesis is essentially informative except when, in order to eliminate contradictions, it has been necessary to examine the evidence thoroughly and refer to authors of later periods. Under Qura 'Arabiyyah and Nakhlah where there is great confusion, a few paragraph - are added to elaborate the conclusions to be drawn from the investigation. The second part is devoted wholly to the pilgrim routes in the Northern Hijaz as described by the Arab geographers. The tables of the routes frequented by the Iraqis are based on the original mileages as recorded by the geographers. In this part, fewer authors outside the period have to be consulted; when they are, it is usually in connection with the pilgrimage rites and administration. The third and last part consists of a general survey of the information supplied by the Arab geographers of the period on the Northern Hijaz, and deals with sources, quotations, mis-quotations and borrowings as well as attempts at the authentication of works of disputed authorship. It also discusses the characteristics of these geographers, geographic poetry, the rise and decline of towns and villages, and the dependencies of Medina and Mecca. Discussion of the two cities of Mecca and Medina has been excluded from this thesis

Cultural perspectives of the adult reading problem in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

This philosophical-descriptive dissertation makes a detailed analysis of the background and problems of the adult literacy program in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and proposes recommendations for improvement of this program. The purpose of the study is to describe and critically analyze the Islamic religious tradition, Saudi Arabian social structure, the roles of Saudi Arabian men and women, the role of nomads in Saudi society, usage of Classical and modern Arabian dialects, current instructional materials and media used in adult literacy education and current educational resources, finance and personnel

Nomads in Al-hejaz Province: a Geographic Study of Nomads near the City of Taif

Geograph

The Red Sea under the Caliphal Dynasties, c. 639–1171

Students of world history will be familiar with the Red Sea as a strategic communications corridor linking the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean. This paper examines the Red Sea region between the seventh and twelfth centuries, when it was ruled by a succession of Islamic caliphal dynasties, namely, the Umayyads, ʿAbbāsids, and Fāṭimids. It first sets out a sketch of the political history of the Red Sea and its constituent hinterland polities, including particularly Egypt, Sudan, al‐Ḥijāz, and Yemen, drawing attention to episodes and processes in which the Red Sea was significant. A section on Africa and Arabia explores the Red Sea as a zone of economic and social interaction; another section deals with the historic shift of Indian Ocean trade from the ʿAbbāsid Persian Gulf to the Fāṭimid Red Sea. Finally, the impact of the Red Sea on its constituent hinterland polities and the wider sweep of Islamic history is considered

Water Metering Pilot Project: A Case Study of Water Demand Management in the Sultanate of Oman

The Sultanate of Oman is experiencing increased pressure on its groundwater resources. This is mainly due to agricultural enterprises, which consume about 92 % of national water resources, as well as an upsurge in industrial, commercial and domestic water use. The ever-growing population, diversification of economic activities and the ensuing rise in national prosperity have meant an increasing demand for water. This has resulted in a marked depletion of groundwater supplies, intrusion of seawater, and deterioration of ground water quality in the case of the Al Batinah region. A scientific and effective water demand management strategy for the Sultanate is therefore needed. Accordingly, the Ministry of Regional Municipalities, Environment and Water Resources (MRMEWR) have conducted several studies related to water demand management in the agricultural, industrial and domestic sectors. One of these studies was the Water Metering Pilot Project (WMPP), initiated in 1994 with the objective of evaluating patterns of water use on a number of randomly selected farms in the southern Al-Batinah. The results obtained over a period of seven years confirm that water metering alone does not help reduce the quantity pumped. These findings have encouraged other advanced studies on water demand management in industrial, commercial, domestic and agriculture sectors in different areas of the Sultanate.

Water Metering Pilot Project: A Case Study of Water Demand Management in the Sultanate of Oman

The Sultanate of Oman is experiencing increased pressure on its groundwater resources. This is mainly due to agricultural enterprises, which consume about 92 % of national water resources, as well as an upsurge in industrial, commercial and domestic water use. The ever-growing population, diversification of economic activities and the ensuing rise in national prosperity have meant an increasing demand for water. This has resulted in a marked depletion of groundwater supplies, intrusion of seawater, and deterioration of ground water quality in the case of the Al Batinah region. A scientific and effective water demand management strategy for the Sultanate is therefore needed. Accordingly, the Ministry of Regional Municipalities, Environment and Water Resources (MRMEWR) have conducted several studies related to water demand management in the agricultural, industrial and domestic sectors. One of these studies was the Water Metering Pilot Project (WMPP), initiated in 1994 with the objective of evaluating patterns of water use on a number of randomly selected farms in the southern Al-Batinah. The results obtained over a period of seven years confirm that water metering alone does not help reduce the quantity pumped. These findings have encouraged other advanced studies on water demand management in industrial, commercial, domestic and agriculture sectors in different areas of the Sultanate.