Phylogram of the Thai<i>C.</i><i>neoformans</i> isolates.

<p>Phylogram depicting the genetic relationships between the Thai <i>C. neoformans</i> isolates based on neighbor joining analysis of the concatenated seven ISHAM consensus MLST loci using the program MEGA 5.03. Bold numbers on the branches indicate bootstrap support above 75%. Underlined strain numbers indicate STs identified in a previous study <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002297#pntd.0002297-Simwami1" target="_blank">[33]</a>. C = clinical, E = environmental, V = veterinary.</p

Distribution of the M13 types among Thai VNI isolates.

<p>Distribution of the M13 types among Thai VNI isolates.</p

Gene network placing the Thai<i>C.</i><i>neoformans</i> isolates in global context.

<p>Gene network constructed from all <i>C. neoformans</i> ST types identified by MLST analysis in the current study in-cooperating the STs previously obtained from Thai cryptococcal isolates <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002297#pntd.0002297-Simwami1" target="_blank">[33]</a> and standard strains based on the combined seven ISHAM consensus MLST loci using the program Network 4.5.1.6, showing the close relationships between STs present in Thailand and globally.</p

Supplemental Material, DS1_VET_10.1177_0300985818755253 - Canine Bocavirus Type 2 Infection Associated With Intestinal Lesions

<p>Supplemental Material, DS1_VET_10.1177_0300985818755253 for Canine Bocavirus Type 2 Infection Associated With Intestinal Lesions by Chutchai Piewbang, Wendy K. Jo, Christina Puff, Martin Ludlow, Erhard van der Vries, Wijit Banlunara, Anudep Rungsipipat, Jochen Kruppa, Klaus Jung, Somporn Techangamsuwan, Wolfgang Baumgärtner, and Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus in Veterinary Pathology</p

Bringing Macromolecules into Cells and Evading Endosomes by Oxidized Carbon Nanoparticles

A great challenge exists in finding safe, simple, and effective delivery strategies to bring matters across cell membrane. Popular methods such as viral vectors, positively charged particles and cell penetrating peptides possess some of the following drawbacks: safety issues, lysosome trapping, limited loading capacity, and toxicity, whereas electroporation produces severe damages on both cargoes and cells. Here, we show that a serendipitously discovered, relatively nontoxic, water dispersible, stable, negatively charged, oxidized carbon nanoparticle, prepared from graphite, could deliver macromolecules into cells, without getting trapped in a lysosome. The ability of the particles to induce transient pores on lipid bilayer membranes of cell-sized liposomes was demonstrated. Delivering 12-base-long pyrrolidinyl peptide nucleic acids with d-prolyl-(1<i>S</i>,2<i>S</i>)-2-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid backbone (acpcPNA) complementary to the antisense strand of the NF-κB binding site in the promoter region of the <i>Il6</i> gene into the macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7, by our particles resulted in an obvious accumulation of the acpcPNAs in the nucleus and decreased <i>Il6</i> mRNA and IL-6 protein levels upon stimulation. We anticipate this work to be a starting point in a new drug delivery strategy, which involves the nanoparticle that can induce a transient pore on the lipid bilayer membrane