On Factors Influencing the Clinical Outcome in Orthognathic Surgery

ABSTRACT Background. Orthognathic surgery means surgical correction of dentofacial and congenital deformities, which includes unsatisfactory facial aesthetics, malpositioned teeth, jaw malformations and masticatory dysfunction. Correction of these conditions requires a multidisciplinary approach with a combination of orthodontics and surgery. Successful outcome of orthognathic treatment requires pre-, intra- and postoperative considerations with a multimodal approach in order to minimize morbidity and enhance recovery after surgery. Developments within the orthognathic field should focus on multimodal approaches with combined effects of modern anaesthetic protocols, minimal invasive surgery and pharmacological modification of inflammatory responses. However, surgical morbidity after orthognathic surgery is still associated with undesirable sequelae such as damage to teeth, facial oedema, pain, neurosensory disturbances, prolonged recovery time and removal of titanium plates. Intraoperative anchorage of the occlusion is a major keystone in the implementation of the orthognathic planning during surgery. Bone anchor screws are therefore occasionally required in transalveolar positions as reinforced rigid emergency anchor for proper intermaxillary fixation in cases when orthodontic appliances loosen or when preoperative orthodontic treatment isn´t indicated. Furthermore, steroids are recommended to reduce swelling, pain, nausea and vomiting (PONV) and may promote nerve healing after surgery. The multimodal effects of steroids needs further investigation, thus the optimal dosages and the timing of administration is of great interest. Moreover, removal of inserted titanium fixation plates after surgery occur due to plate related complications. The reason for plate removal needs further investigation. Finally, different general anaesthetic protocols influence haemodynamics and subsequently postoperative pain, recovery and hospitalization. It is needed to understand the recovery process and to promote mobilization of the patient after surgery. Objectives. The aim of the first study was to evaluate two types of surgical techniques for insertion of bone anchor screws for intermaxillary fixation, regarding frequency of iatrogenic dental root injuries. The second trial investigated the efficacy of single versus repeated betamethasone doses on facial oedema, pain and neurosensory disturbances after bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO). The main objective of the third study was to investigate the incidence and reasons for removal of titanium fixation plates following orthognathic surgery, identify risk factors predisposing removal and to explore if the patients discomfort was reduced after removal. The primary objective of the fourth study was to evaluate haemodynamics and recovery parameters in relation to two general anaesthetic protocols; remifentanil-propofol based total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) versus fentanyl-sevoflurane based balanced inhalation anaesthesia (BA) in orthognathic surgery. The second objective was to evaluate long duration local anaesthesia on recovery parameters and hospitalization. Material & Methods. Study I: Two surgical techniques were compared retrospectively (n=123). Study II: Two study groups and a control group were compared with a randomized controlled trial (RCT). Repeated dose (4+8+4 mg betamethasone, n=14), single dose (16 mg betamethasone, n=11) and controls (n=12). Study III: Medical records were retrospectively reviewed (n=404) and additionally a questionnaire was used. Totally 323 (80%) patients responded the questionnaire and were subsequently included in the study. Study IV: Medical records were retrospectively reviewed (n=269). Ninety-four patients were audited due to strict inclusion criteria. Results. The first study revealed that the twist drill was hazardous in transalveolar positions since it could cause iatrogenic dental root injuries (p<0.001). The second study showed that steroids inhibited progression of facial oedema the first day after surgery (p=0.017). However, steroids did not reduce neurosensory disturbances over time. Reduced bleeding was associated with improved pain recovery over time (p=0.043). Patients requiring higher dosages of analgesics due to pain had significantly delayed recovery regarding neurosensory disturbances (p<0.001). The third study revealed that smoking, osteotomies performed in the mandible and additional number of inserted fixation plates resulted in more plate removal. A majority of the patients were relieved from plate related complications after plate removal. In the fourth study no significant differences between the two anaesthetic protocols were found regarding: blood loss, operating time, recovery time, postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and hospitalization. Remifentanil-propofol based TIVA facilitated haemodynamic stability. Long duration local anaesthetics (ropivacaine 7.5 mg/ml) administered at the end of surgery appeared to improve mobilization of the patient and reduce hospitalization. Conclusions. Morbidity was reduced when the twist drill was avoided prior the insertion of bone anchor screws in transalveolar positions. Steroids reduced facial oedema. The need for fixation plate removal was reduced when the numbers of inserted plates were minimized and smoking arrest was emphasized. Recovery from pain was enhanced when blood loss was minimized. Key words. Intermaxillary fixation, iatrogenic root damage, osteotomy, sagittal split ramus, steroid, hypoesthesia, inferior alveolar nerve, risk factor, smoking, mandible, orthognathic surgery, anaesthesia, haemodynamic, remifentanil, ropivacaine, recovery. Correspondence: Fredrik Widar, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg. Box 450, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden. Email: [email protected] ISBN: 978-91-628-9386-

Associations between social and general health factors and symptoms related to temporomandibular disorders and bruxism in a population of 50 year-old subjects

The aim of this epidemiological study was to examine associations between temporomandibular (TMD)-related problems and variables from three domains: (1) socio-economic attributes, (2) general health and health-related lifestyle, and (3) dental attitudes and behaviors. The overall response rate to a questionnaire mailed to the total population of 50-year-old subjects in two Swedish counties (8,888 individuals) was 71 %. Among the 53 questions in the questionnaire, those related to social, general health, and health-related factors were used as independent variables in logistic regression models. Three TMD-related symptoms and reported bruxism were used as dependent variables. Impaired general health was the strongest risk factor for reported TMD symptoms. Along with female gender and dissatisfaction with dental care, impaired general health was significantly associated with all three TMD symptoms. A few more factors were associated with pain from the TMJ only. In comparison, reported bruxism showed more significant associations with the independent variables. In addition to the variables associated with TMD symptoms, being single, college/university education, and daily tobacco use were also significantly correlated with bruxism. Besides female gender, impaired general health, dissatisfaction with dental care, and a few social and health-related factors demonstrated significant associations with TMD symptoms and reported bruxism