Voltage Sensor Inactivation in Potassium Channels

In voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels membrane depolarization causes movement of a voltage sensor domain. This conformational change of the protein is transmitted to the pore domain and eventually leads to pore opening. However, the voltage sensor domain may interact with two distinct gates in the pore domain: the activation gate (A-gate), involving the cytoplasmic S6 bundle crossing, and the pore gate (P-gate), located externally in the selectivity filter. How the voltage sensor moves and how tightly it interacts with these two gates on its way to adopt a relaxed conformation when the membrane is depolarized may critically determine the mode of Kv channel inactivation. In certain Kv channels, voltage sensor movement leads to a tight interaction with the P-gate, which may cause conformational changes that render the selectivity filter non-conductive (“P/C-type inactivation”). Other Kv channels may preferably undergo inactivation from pre-open closed-states during voltage sensor movement, because the voltage sensor temporarily uncouples from the A-gate. For this behavior, known as “preferential” closed-state inactivation, we introduce the term “A/C-type inactivation”. Mechanistically, P/C- and A/C-type inactivation represent two forms of “voltage sensor inactivation.

Additional file 7: Table S9. of A comprehensive study of the genomic differentiation between temperate Dent and Flint maize

Gene-wise level of differentiation of allele frequencies between landraces and Dent (left) and Flint (right) elite lines based on genotyping data. (XLSX 27 kb

Additional file 3: Table S3. of A comprehensive study of the genomic differentiation between temperate Dent and Flint maize

Gene-wise statistics for 1407 candidate genes identified in the 70 Dent (N = 876) and 66 Flint (N = 545) lines based on genotyping data. (XLSX 1238 kb

Additional file 2: Figure S1. of A comprehensive study of the genomic differentiation between temperate Dent and Flint maize

Metrics of the selection screens for 136 temperate inbred lines along the ten maize chromosomes based on genotyping data. (PDF 4242 kb

Additional file 6: Table S8. of A comprehensive study of the genomic differentiation between temperate Dent and Flint maize

Gene-wise nucleotide diversity π and F ST for flowering time candidate genes with at least 5 SNPs in the genic and 5 kb upstream region. (XLSX 24 kb

Additional file 1: Figure S2. of A comprehensive study of the genomic differentiation between temperate Dent and Flint maize

Variation of historical recombination rates along the ten maize chromosomes. Figure S3. Gene ontology (GO) terms assigned to categories of biological processes for the candidate gene sets. Figure S4. Pathway analysis for the Dent and Flint candidate gene sets using MapMan [53]. Figure S5. Gene-wise π (left) and TD (right) values based on whole-genome sequence data of 21 temperate Dent and 19 temperate Flint lines. Figure S6. Distributions of F ST values for different genomic regions based on whole-genome sequence data of 40 elite lines. Table S1. Elite lines under study with germplasm pool assignment and data source. Table S2. Window-based statistics and thresholds according to the selected quantile based on the panel of 136 temperate inbred lines genotyped with the 600 k array. Table S4. Gene-wise statistics for all genes and for Dent and Flint candidate genes. Table S7. Landraces under study with their geographic origins. (PDF 1175 kb