Comparison of 1-year mortality (death from any cause) between maintenance chemotherapy and observation.

<p>Comparison of 1-year mortality (death from any cause) between maintenance chemotherapy and observation.</p

Duration of Chemotherapy for Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Meta-Analysis

<div><p>Background</p><p>Maintenance chemotherapy is widely provided to patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC). However, the benefits of maintenance chemotherapy compared with observation are a subject of debate.</p><p>Methodology and Principal Findings</p><p>To identify relevant literature, we systematically searched the Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases. Eligible trials included patients with SCLC who either received maintenance chemotherapy (administered according to a continuous or switch strategy) or underwent observation. The primary outcome was 1-year mortality, and secondary outcomes were 2-year mortality, overall survival (OS), and progression-free survival (PFS). Of the 665 studies found in our search, we identified 14 relevant trials, which together reported data on 1806 patients with SCLC. When compared with observation, maintenance chemotherapy had no effect on 1-year mortality (odds ratio [OR]: 0.88; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.66–1.19; P = 0.414), 2-year mortality (OR: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.57–1.19; P = 0.302), OS (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.71–1.06; P = 0.172), or PFS (HR: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.62–1.22; P = 0.432). However, subgroup analyses indicated that maintenance chemotherapy was associated with significantly longer PFS than observation in patients with extensive SCLC (HR, 0.72; 95% CI: 0.58–0.89; P = 0.003). Additionally, patients who were managed using the continuous strategy of maintenance chemotherapy appeared to be at a disadvantage in terms of PFS compared with patients who only underwent observation (HR, 1.27; 95% CI: 1.04–1.54; P = 0.018).</p><p>Conclusions/Significance</p><p>Maintenance chemotherapy failed to improve survival outcomes in patients with SCLC. However, a significant advantage in terms of PFS was observed for maintenance chemotherapy in patients with extensive disease. Additionally, our results suggest that the continuous strategy is inferior to observation; its clinical value needs to be investigated in additional trials.</p></div

Funnel plots for 1-year mortality, 2-year mortality, OS, and PFS.

<p>Funnel plots for 1-year mortality, 2-year mortality, OS, and PFS.</p

Flow diagram of the literature search and trials selection process.

<p>Flow diagram of the literature search and trials selection process.</p

Subgroup analysis for 1-year mortality, 2-year mortality, OS, and PFS.

<p>Subgroup analysis for 1-year mortality, 2-year mortality, OS, and PFS.</p

Comparison of overall survival (OS) between maintenance chemotherapy and observation.

<p>Comparison of overall survival (OS) between maintenance chemotherapy and observation.</p

Supplementary document for Loss-tolerant and quantum-enhanced interferometer by reversed squeezing processes - 6497504.pdf

experimental details and theoretical analysi

Investigation of the anti-cancer effect of quercetin on HepG2 cells in vivo

<div><p>Quercetin, a natural polyphenolic flavonoid compound, can inhibit the growth of several malignant cancers. However, the mechanism still remains unclear. Our previous findings have suggested that quercetin can significantly inhibit HepG2 cell proliferation and induce cell apoptosis <i>in vitro</i>. It can also affect cell cycle distribution and significantly decrease cyclin D1 expression. In this study, we investigated the anti-cancer effect of quercetin on HepG2 tumor-bearing nude mice and its effect on cyclin D1 expression in the tumor tissue. First, the nude murine tumor model was established by subcutaneous inoculation of HepG2 cells, then quercetin was administered intraperitoneally, and the mice injected with saline solution were used as controls. The daily behavior of the tumor-bearing mice was observed and differences in tumor growth and survival rate were monitored. The expression of cyclin D1 in isolated tumor sections was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. We found that HepG2 tumor became palpable in the mice one-week post-inoculation. Tumors in the control group grew rapidly and the daily behavior of the mice changed significantly, including listlessness, poor feeding and ataxia. The mice in quercetin-treated group showed delayed tumor growth, no significant changes in daily behavior, and the survival rate was significantly improved. Finally, we observed increased tumor necrosis and a lighter cyclin D1 staining with reduced staining areas. Our findings thus suggest that quercetin can significantly inhibit HepG2 cell proliferation, and this effect may be achieved through the regulation of cyclin D1 expression.</p></div

Immunohistochemistry analysis of cyclin D1 expression in subcutaneous tumor tissues.

<p>A: Immunohistochemistry images of cyclin D1 expression in subcutaneous tumor tissues; B: Comparison of the cyclin D1 positive areas between the quercetin-treated and control groups (*p < 0.05).</p

Survival curves of the subcutaneous HepG2 tumor-bearing mice.

<p>Compared to the control group, mice in the quercetin-treated group showed prolonged survival rate.</p