Reliability study of the motor controller of pure electric vans

The market of electric vehicles (EVs) is rapidly growing across the world attributed to their unique feature of zero carbon emission. Take the Chinese market as an example, 984,000 pure electric vehicles were sold in China in 2018, which is an increase of 50.8% over the same period of the previous year. This means there will be more and more electric vehicles will run on the road in the future. However, the reliability of these electric vehicles is still an open issue remaining to resolve today. In particular, the reliability of the motor controller in electric vehicles is receiving more concern than ever before. On the one hand, this is because it is well known that power electronic components in the controller are much less reliable than the mechanical components in other EV subassemblies. One the other hand, it is because the failure of motor controller may lead to dangerous accidents on the road. Previously, much effort has been made to try to predict the reliability of motor controller, however detailed investigation of its reliability issues has never been done before. In view of this, a detailed reliability study of the motor controller in pure electric vans will be conducted in this paper, with the consideration of the fact that more than 90% of sold commercial electric vehicles are pure electric vans. In the research, the detailed root causes of the reliability issues in the motor controller will be investigated first and then based on which the failure rates of individual components (e.g. control module, driver module, communication module, and discharging module) in the controller will be estimated with the aid of fault tree analysis and the international standards IEC TR62308-2004, MIL-HDBH-217E and the technical standards for the Chinese electric vehicle industry. Finally, the tendency of the unreliability index of the entire motor controller against the service life of the electric vehicle is estimated based on the fault tree analysis results in order to obtain a more reliable understanding of the reliability performance of the motor controller over time. From such detailed reliability research, it has been found that the reliability performance of the motor controller will degrade gradually over time; and among the four functional modules of the controller the control module is most vulnerable, followed by driver module. This could be due to the application of more electronic components and thinner printed lines on the module

Additional file 1 of cgMSI: pathogen detection within species from nanopore metagenomic sequencing data

Additional file 1: contains a supplementary table on software information used in performance evaluation, and supplementary figures on quality control results for simulated samples, and the results of Salmonella enterica detection using cgMSI

Expression of the antimorphic but not the wt hCry1 instigate altered expression profiles of pPer2 and pCry1.

<p>Primary porcine fibroblasts were stably transfected with pCAG-intron-hCry1.SV40-Neo or pCAG-intron-hCry1^AP.SV40-Neo and relative expression were assessed by RT-qPCR with exon-exon spanning hCry1 primers. (<b>B–C</b>) Serum-shocked cells were harvested every fourth hour through 48 hours. Total RNA was extracted and used for RT-qPCR with exon-exon spanning primers targeting pPer2 or pCry1. GAPDH normalized data relative to hCry1 clone # 3 is depicted as a function of time. The experiment is performed in triplicate and data are presented as mean values with smoothened curves. Grey dashed lines indicate the first and second zenith of pPer2 and pCry1 mRNA expression in hCry1 containing cells.</p

Induction of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α in fibroblast from the hCry1^AP transgenic animals.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Fibroblasts derived from skin-biopsies obtained from three transgenic minipigs (#377-1^AP, #175-5^AP, and #208-4^AP) and one NT control (#321-1^wt) were serum-shocked and allowed to recover. Subsequently, total RNA was extracted at three time points within 14 hours post-recovery. Quantitative RT-PCR was performed with exon-exon spanning primers targeting porcine IL-6 and normalized to endogenous ACTB. Values are relative to the first measurement time point. (<b>B</b>) Relative IL-6 RT-qPCR on total RNA extracted from serum-shocked fibroblasts originating from transgenic minipig #175-5^AP and NT control pig #321-1^wt as above. Cells were harvested every fourth hour through 24–28 hours. Values are relative to the first measurement time point (ZT 0). (<b>C</b>) Relative TNF-α mRNA expression in fibroblasts from transgenic minipig #175-5^AP and NT control pig #321-1^wt as above. All experiments are performed in triplicate and data are presented as mean values ± standard deviation.</p

Demonstration of transgenesis in cloned minipigs produced by HMC.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Pictures of cloned Bama-minipigs at the age of five and 60 days. Curve indicates mean weight increase over the first 60 days of the 21 transgenic (hCry1^AP) and five non-transgenic (NT) animals (#321-1^wt, #321-2^wt, #321-3^wt, #321-5^wt, and #321-6^wt). (<b>B</b>) PCR and RT-PCR analysis on gDNA and total RNA, respectively, isolated from tail clips of the 23 cloned minipigs born from three recipient sows (#175, #377 and #208) as well as from one non-transgenic (NT) control. The PCR analysis employing hCry1 specific primers revealed genomic integration of the transgenic cassette in all the cloned animals (upper panel). RT-PCR analysis using exon-exon primers for hCry1 and porcine GAPDH showed robust expression of hCry1^AP in the transgenic animals with no detectable band in the lane corresponding to the NT control (lower two panels); PC, plasmid control; M, 100 bp marker. (<b>C</b>) Quantitative RT-PCR performed on cDNA from 14 of the 23 transgenic animals and a NT control (#321-1^wt). Total mRNA extracted from tail clips was reverse transcribed and used for quantification of hCry1 normalized to endogenous ACTB. The expression values are relative to the NT control. The experiment is performed in triplicate and data are presented as mean values ± standard deviation.</p

Summary of cloning efficiencies obtained with hCRY1^AP-transgenic fibroblasts.

<p>Summary of cloning efficiencies obtained with hCRY1^AP-transgenic fibroblasts.</p

Discrete circadian oscillation of body temperature in hCry1^AP transgenic compared to NT control minipigs.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Body temperature was measured using an infrared thermometer in five transgenic minipigs (#175-5^AP, #377-2^AP, #351-3^AP, #351-6^AP, and #208-4^AP) and three NT control animals (#321-1^wt, #321-2^wt, and #321-3^wt) every second hour over a time course of 4 days. Mean body temperature is plotted as a function of time ± standard deviation. (<b>B</b>) Body temperature fluctuations of minipig #208-4^AP compared to the mean from the three NT control minipigs (#321-1^wt, #321-2^wt, and #321-3^wt) obtained as described above.</p

Quantitative RT-PCR primer-sequences.

<p>Quantitative RT-PCR primer-sequences.</p

Functional analysis of the antimorphic human Cry1 expression vector.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Graphic illustration of the pCAG-intron-hCry1^AP.SV40-Neo expression vector. Expression of the antimorphic human Cry1 (hCry1^AP) is driven by the CMV enhancer chicken beta-actin (CAG) chimeric promoter and terminated with the bovine growth hormone polyadenylation site (bGHpA). A selection cassette consisting of a Simian virus 40 (SV40) promoter, a Neomycin (Neo) gene and SV40 polyadenylation signal is placed downstream. (<b>B</b>) Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of hCry1^AP expression in transgenic Bama-minipigs fetal fibroblasts (BM-PFFs). Reverse transcribed total RNA was used for amplification with hCry1-specific exon-exon primers and normalized to endogenous GAPDH. The depicted expression levels are relative to cell clone # 17. The experiment is performed in triplicate and data are presented as mean values ± standard deviation.</p