A statistical method to estimate low-energy hadronic cross sections

In this article we propose a model based on the Statistical Bootstrap approach to estimate the cross sections of different hadronic reactions up to a few GeV in c.m.s energy. The method is based on the idea, when two particles collide a so called fireball is formed, which after a short time period decays statistically into a specific final state. To calculate the probabilities we use a phase space description extended with quark combinatorial factors and the possibility of more than one fireball formation. In a few simple cases the probability of a specific final state can be calculated analytically, where we show that the model is able to reproduce the ratios of the considered cross sections. We also show that the model is able to describe proton\,-\,antiproton annihilation at rest. In the latter case we used a numerical method to calculate the more complicated final state probabilities. Additionally, we examined the formation of strange and charmed mesons as well, where we used existing data to fit the relevant model parameters.Comment: 12 pages, 12 figures, submitted to EPJ

Protein and phosphorus metabolism related enzyme activity.

<p>a) protease; b) acid phosphatase X axis labels are the same to <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0111740#pone-0111740-g001" target="_blank">Fig. 1</a>.</p

Comprehensive analysis of eight EEAs secreted by 10 fungi.

<p>+: detectable enzyme, <b>-</b>: undetectable enzyme; An increasing number of plus signs indicates an increasing level of enzymatic activity. As shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0111740#pone-0111740-g001" target="_blank">Figs.1</a> to <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0111740#pone-0111740-g003" target="_blank">3</a>, the fungi with the highest enzymatic activity together with those of no significant differences (those with the letter of <i>a</i> on the column) was marked as 6 plus (++++++). Thereafter, the fungi with the letter <i>b</i>,c,<i>d</i>,<i>e</i>, and <i>f</i> on the column of <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0111740#pone-0111740-g001" target="_blank">Figs.1</a>,<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0111740#pone-0111740-g002" target="_blank">2</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0111740#pone-0111740-g003" target="_blank">3</a> was marked as 5 plus (+++++),4 plus (++++), 3 plus(+++), 2 plus(++) and 1plus(+), respectively.</p><p>Comprehensive analysis of eight EEAs secreted by 10 fungi.</p

Functional traits changes after liquid (a) and solid (b) co-culture with high enzymatic fungi (<i>C. striatus</i>) and low enzymatic fungi (<i>G. rutilus</i>).

<p>A schematic map is shown in (c) describing the infrared spectrum in liquid co-culture, and the map for solid co-culture is similar. Labels of X axis (I,II,II,IV) can be found in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0111740#pone-0111740-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p

Wave number ranges used for data analysis and their dominating chemical compounds and functional groups [39].

<p>Wave number ranges used for data analysis and their dominating chemical compounds and functional groups <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0111740#pone.0111740-Johnson1" target="_blank">[39]</a>.</p

Lignin metabolism related enzyme activity.

<p>a) Polyphenol oxidase; b) Laccase; (c) Guaiacol oxidase. X axis labels: 1. <i>R. integra</i>; 2. <i>S. granulatus</i>; 3. <i>P. impudicus</i>; 4. <i>P. adiposa</i>; 5. <i>C. dryophila</i>; 6. <i>A. sylvicola</i>; 7. <i>C. striatus</i>; 8. <i>G. rutilus</i>; 9. <i>L. deliciosus</i>; 10. <i>G. mammosum</i></p

Elemental composition alterations during liquid and solid co-culture with soil via energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis.

<p>Elemental composition alterations during liquid and solid co-culture with soil via energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis.</p

Scanning electron microscopy images of soil colloids after co-culture.

<p>The first row is liquid co-culture with two fungi and the second row is solid co-culture with two fungi. Control: a) and d); low enzymatic fungi, <i>G. rutilus</i>, b) and e); high enzymatic fungi, <i>C striatus</i>, c) and f).</p

Cellulose and chitin metabolism related enzyme activity.

<p>a) chitinase; b) carboxymethyl cellulase; c) β-glucosidase. X axis labels: 1. <i>R. integra</i>; 2. <i>S. granulatus</i>; 3. <i>P. impudicus</i>; 4. <i>P. adiposa</i>; 5. <i>C. dryophila</i>; 6. <i>A. sylvicola</i>; 7. <i>C. striatus</i>; 8. <i>G. rutilus</i>; 9. <i>L. deliciosus</i>; 10. <i>G. mammosum</i></p

Regulation of the Electric Charge in Phosphatidic Acid Domains

Although a minor component of the lipidome, phosphatidic acid (PA) plays a crucial role in nearly all signaling pathways involving cell membranes, in part because of its variable electrical charge in response to environmental conditions. To investigate how charge is regulated in domains of PA, we applied surface-sensitive X-ray reflectivity and fluorescence near-total-reflection techniques to determine the binding of divalent ions (Ca²⁺ at various pH values) to 1,2-dimyristoyl-<i>sn</i>-glycero-3-phosphate (DMPA) and to the simpler lipid dihexadecyl phosphate (DHDP) spread as monolayers at the air/water interface. We found that the protonation state of PA is controlled not only by the p<i>K</i>_a and local pH but also by the strong affinity to PA driven by electrostatic correlations from divalent ions and the cooperative effect of the two dissociable protons, which dramatically enhance the surface charge. A precise theoretical model is presented providing a general framework to predict the protonation state of PA. Implications for recent experiments on charge regulation by hydrogen bonding and the role of pH in PA signaling are discussed in detail