Additional file 4: Movie 4. of Microarchitecture of the tsetse fly proboscis

Distal tip of hypopharynx infected with Trypanosoma congolense. (ZIP 1229 kb

Additional file 3: Movie 3. of Microarchitecture of the tsetse fly proboscis

Hypopharynx infected with Trypanosoma congolense. (ZIP 149 kb

Additional file 5: Movie 5. of Microarchitecture of the tsetse fly proboscis

Hypopharynx infected with Trypanosoma congolense. (ZIP 5572 kb

Additional file 1: Movie 1. of Microarchitecture of the tsetse fly proboscis

Distal tip of hypopharynx. Altering focal plane to show 3D structure. (ZIP 879 kb

Time course of development of <i>Trypanosoma congolense</i> 1/148 YPFR <i>in vitro</i>.

<p>Trypanosomes were imaged from time zero (T = 0) to 48 hours (T = 48) after seeding cultures from pooled proventricular forms. Each image, except T = 0, represents trypanosomes attached to the coverslip, as free-swimming cells were washed away. Brightfield image merged with the DAPI image (recoloured cyan for clarity). The kinetoplast is indicated by an arrowhead in each trypanosome at T = 0 and is easy to identify in all trypanosomes shown up to T = 20; in the dividing trypanosomes at T = 24 to T = 48, the kinetoplast is often juxtanuclear in the daughter cell and therefore indistinct. Scale bar = 10 μm.</p

Dynamics of infection and competition between two strains of in the tsetse fly observed using fluorescent markers-6

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Dynamics of infection and competition between two strains of in the tsetse fly observed using fluorescent markers"</p><p>http://www.kinetoplastids.com/content/6/1/4</p><p>Kinetoplastid Biology and Disease 2007;6():4-4.</p><p>Published online 6 Jun 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1899512.</p><p></p>th red and green strains. A total of 63 glands from 41 individual flies were analysed, comprising 27 glands with only green trypanosomes, 11 glands with only red trypanosomes and 25 glands with a mixed infection. Bars show geometric means and geometric standard errors. (A) Proportion of the gland occupied by trypanosomes in single infections compared to mixed infections. There were significantly more trypanosomes present in glands containing the green strain compared to the red strain, and significantly more trypanosomes present in glands with mixed compared to single infections. (B) Comparison of salivary glands dissected at different timepoints shows that trypanosomes became more dense in glands with a mixed infection compared to a single strain infection after 3 weeks duration of infection. (C) Proportion of the gland occupied by the same trypanosome strain in a single compared to a mixed infection. There were significantly more trypanosomes of the red strain present in glands containing the green trypanosome strain as well; the converse was not true for the green strain. (D) Comparison of salivary glands dissected at different timepoints shows that this effect became pronounced for the red strain from 2 weeks duration of infection

Dynamics of infection and competition between two strains of in the tsetse fly observed using fluorescent markers-5

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Dynamics of infection and competition between two strains of in the tsetse fly observed using fluorescent markers"</p><p>http://www.kinetoplastids.com/content/6/1/4</p><p>Kinetoplastid Biology and Disease 2007;6():4-4.</p><p>Published online 6 Jun 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1899512.</p><p></p> of each pair has a mixed infection and gland 2 a single infection. At the early stage of establishment (A), both glands have about the same density of trypanosomes, while at the later stage (B), trypanosomes in the gland with the mixed infection appear to be more dense than in the gland with the single infection

Analysis of flagellar attachment in cytoskeleton preparations.

<p>Cytoskeletons of <i>Trypanosoma congolense</i> 1/148 YPFR were prepared using 0.5% Triton (rows A, C, E and column G) or 0.5% Triton followed by CaCl₂ treatment to selectively remove subpellicular microtubules (rows B, D, F and column H) [<a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1007043#ppat.1007043.ref021" target="_blank">21</a>]. Rows A and B after 1 hour incubation; rows C and D after 6 hours; rows E and F after 12 hours and columns G and H after 24 hours. Arrows indicate YFP::PFR1 depot; arrowheads indicate PFR of daughter flagellum (columns G and H). Rows A–F, L to R: brightfield, DAPI, merge, YFP, merge. The DAPI staining is more dispersed than usual, because of membrane disruption by detergent. Columns G and H, L to R: brightfield, YFP. Scale bar = 5 μm.</p

Principal component analysis of cell morphometrics.

<p>Data from <i>Trypanosoma congolense</i> 1/148 YPFR time course as <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1007043#ppat.1007043.g002" target="_blank">Fig 2</a> legend. (<b>A</b>) PC1 and PC2 loading vectors for ten variables; all variables conformed to a normal distribution except for NPost, KPost and NL, which were therefore log transformed. (<b>B</b>) Mean values of PC1 and PC2 for trypanosome population at each time point. Data set T = 0 to T = 14 hours in blue; data set T = 0 to T = 120 minutes in orange. Data sets are in <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1007043#ppat.1007043.s001" target="_blank">S1 Table</a> and <a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1007043#ppat.1007043.s002" target="_blank">S2 Table</a>.</p

Sequence of events during first division by SEM.

<p>Sequence of events during division of proventricular cells of <i>T</i>. <i>congolense</i> 1/148. <b>(A)</b> emergence of the new flagellum (arrow) on the posterior side of the old flagellum. <b>(B)</b> separation of the origins of the two flagella. The mid-region of the old flagellum appears to contact the substrate in a pool of matter (arrow). The old flagellum does not extend to the tip of the mother cell body (arrowhead). <b>(C)</b> Formation of the cleavage furrow between the two flagella. The origin of the old flagellum sinks into the groove and is no longer visible. <b>(D)</b> The cleavage furrow extends further to the posterior and the nascent posterior ends of mother (M) and daughter (D) trypanosomes are visible (arrow). The mid-regions of the M and D flagella are in contact with the substrate in separate pools of matter. The old flagellum does not extend to the tip of the mother cell body (arrowhead). <b>(E-G)</b> The shape of the small daughter cell becomes increasingly well-defined during ingression of the cleavage furrow. The nascent posterior ends of mother (M) and daughter (D) trypanosomes are visible in E (arrow). The old flagellum does not extend to the tip of the mother cell body in G (arrowhead). <b>(H)</b> Preabscission. The anterior-posterior cleavage furrow is arrowed. <b>(I)</b> Preabscission. A broad cytoplasmic bridge remains (arrow). The old flagellum does not extend to the tip of the mother cell body (arrowhead). <b>(J)</b> Abscission. The tip of the daughter flagellum appears to be stuck in matter (arrow). <b>(K)</b> Mother cell, M, with two sequentially produced daughter cells, D1, D2. To the left is another dividing cell. Scale bar = 2 μm.</p