Critical Microemulsion Concentration and Molar Ratio of Water-to-Surfactant of Supercritical CO₂ Microemulsions with Commercial Nonionic Surfactants: Experiment and Molecular Dynamics Simulation

The critical microemulsion concentration (cμc) and the molar ratio of water-to-surfactant (<i>W</i>₀) of supercritical CO₂ (scCO₂) microemulsion that uses different nonionic hydrocarbon surfactants (LS-36, LS-45, LS-54, DYNOL-604, TMN-6) were examined at temperatures from 35 to 45 °C and pressures up to 19 MPa. The results show that the cμc mainly depends on the structure of the surfactant. The surfactant with more hydrophilic structure, such as the ethylene oxide (EO) group and hydroxyl, tends to produce a higher cμc. In addition, the cμc increases with the increase of the ratio of ethylene oxide (EO) group number to the propylene oxide (PO) group number of the surfactant. The capacity of the microemulsion system to dissolve water, which is characterized by <i>W</i>₀, is related to the concentration and structure of surfactant. It is found that a higher solubility of surfactant in CO₂ favors the system to dissolve water at lower pressure. At higher pressure, the stronger hydrophilicity of surfactant and the higher surfactant concentration are beneficial for microemulsions to contain more water. The molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, which was conducted in the NPT ensemble, shows the spontaneous evolution of a surfactant cluster and microstructure of microemulsion at different conditions. It demonstrates that the microemulsion system with more water molecules can form a larger water cluster and catch more surfactants although a few surfactants dissociate in the continuous phase. The experimental data and MD simulation results provide useful infomation for the structure regulation of the scCO₂ microemulsion and expand the study to the microscopic scale

MOESM1 of The positive role of vitronectin in radiation induced lung toxicity: the in vitro and in vivo mechanism study

Additional file 1: Table S1. Primer sequences for quantitative RT-PCR. Table S2. Primer sequences for construction of VTN-overexpressed and VTN-interfering vectors

mRNA content of CGRP in rats DRG of each group.

<p>^*)DM/TENS group and DM group P<0.01.</p><p>^**)DM/TENS group and Control group P<0.05.</p

Urodynamic experimental parameters of rats in each group ( ± S).

<p>DM group and Control group: p<0.01; DM group and DM/TENS group p<0.05; p<0.01.</p><p>DM group and DM/TENS group: p<0.05; p<0.01. DM/TENSDM/TENS group and Control group: p<0.05; p<0.01.</p

Concentration-response relationships for bladder body strips from control, diabetic-treated rats.

<p>(*<i>P</i><0.01 VS control group, ^▴▴<i>P</i><0.01 VS DM/TENS group, ^▴<i>P</i><0.05 VS DM/TENS group).</p

General information of the rats (± S).

<p>In 10^th and 13^th week: contrast group to group, blood sugar is obviously increased and body weight is obviously decreased (p<0.01).contrast group and, body weight and blood sugar are not statistically different (p>0.05). Contrast group to group, the bladder wet weight is obviously increased, and after the treatment, the bladder wet weight of group is obviously increased (p<0.01).</p

Quantification of cAMP concentration of the bladder in rats DRG of each group (**<i>P</i><0.01 VS DM/TENS group, *<i>P</i><0.05 VS DM/TENS group).

<p>Quantification of cAMP concentration of the bladder in rats DRG of each group (**<i>P</i><0.01 VS DM/TENS group, *<i>P</i><0.05 VS DM/TENS group).</p

Quantification of CGRP protein level in rats bladder wall (A&C)and DRG(B&D) in control, DM and DM/TENS group, (**<i>P</i><0.01 VS DM/TENS group, *<i>P</i><0.05 VS DM/TENS group).

<p>Quantification of CGRP protein level in rats bladder wall (A&C)and DRG(B&D) in control, DM and DM/TENS group, (**<i>P</i><0.01 VS DM/TENS group, *<i>P</i><0.05 VS DM/TENS group).</p

Incidence of coronary artery lesions in children with recurrent Kawasaki disease

Coronary artery lesions (CALs) are a major complication of Kawasaki disease (KD); however, data on CAL incidence and risk factors in recurrent KD are limited. Ninety-seven children with recurrent KD were retrospectively enrolled from 2013 to 2022, and CAL incidence was tracked during admission, discharge, and during follow-up. Initially, 27.8% had CAL at admission and discharge, declining to 7.2% at 12 months post-discharge. Most patients (66 of 97, 68.0%) did not exhibit CAL at any of the time points, 7 cases presented CAL at all time points, indicating a persistent CAL. The remaining 20 cases presented CAL at admission but recovered at discharge or during follow-up. Notably, transient CALs had presented at discharge, or during the follow-up, but finally resolved at 12 months after discharge. Notably, prior IVIG resistance and increased prothrombin time seemed associated with CAL in recurrent KD, suggesting they could help identify patients needing close monitoring. The study highlights decreasing CAL incidence over time in recurrent KD but with diverse patterns, emphasizing the importance of monitoring and further investigations to confirm these findings.</p

Frequency-tension curve of electrical field stimulation (**<i>P</i><0.01 VS control group, *<i>P</i><0.05 VS control group,

<p>^▴▴<b><i>P</i></b><b><0.01 VS DM/TENS group, </b>^▴<b><i>P</i></b><b><0.05 VS DM/TENS group).</b></p