Individual Phosphatidylcholine Species Analysis by RP-HPLC-ELSD for Determination of Polyenylphosphatidylcholine in Lecithins

Polyenylphosphatidylcholine (PPC), a subgroup of the bioactive agents in phosphatidylcholine (PC), has been indicated to possess liver-protective effects. This study aimed to investigate a promising and feasible method to determine PC molecular species with a reverse phase (RP) high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) equipped with an evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD). Chromatography was achieved using a C30 column and an isocratic mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile/methanol/triethylamine (40/58/2, v/v/v) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min, and ELSD detection was performed using 80 °C for the drift tube and an air flow rate of 1.8 L/min. To identify individual peaks on the chromatogram, MALDI-TOF-MS was employed for initial detection, and then the results were used to investigate the relationship between the retention time and fatty acyl chains of each PC molecule. A linear correlation was observed between the retention time and theoretical carbon number (TCN) of individual PC species. The compositions of PC molecular species in soybean and sunflower lecithins were similar to each other, and the major PC molecular species were 1,2-dilinoleoyl-<i>sn</i>-glycero-3-phosphocholine (LLPC), 1-oleoyl-2-linoleoyl-<i>sn</i>-glycero-3-phosphocholine (OLPC), and 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-<i>sn</i>-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PLPC). The contents of LLPC in soybean PC and sunflower PC were 40.6% and 64.3%, respectively

Relative grip strength and dominant grip strength versus body mass index by gender in Social Environment and Biomarkers of Ageing Study.

<p>Relative grip strength and dominant grip strength versus body mass index by gender in Social Environment and Biomarkers of Ageing Study.</p

Clinical characteristics, biomarkers and metabolic syndromes of SEBAS by sex.

<p>Clinical characteristics, biomarkers and metabolic syndromes of SEBAS by sex.</p

Results of multivariable logistic regression of gender specific handgrip strength on metabolic syndromes.

<p>Results of multivariable logistic regression of gender specific handgrip strength on metabolic syndromes.</p

Hazard ratios of dementia stratified by the period between the last hypnotic prescription and the dementia diagnosis.

<p>Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.</p><p>All models are analyzed by Cox regression adjusted for age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and stroke.</p>*<p>Current: prescription of hypnotics ended within 30 days before dementia index date; previous: prescription ended 31 to 90 days before dementia index date; remote: prescription ended 91 days or more before dementia index date.</p

Comparison of subjects with and without hypnotic use^*.

<p>Abbreviation: IQR, interquartile range.</p>*<p>Data are number (percentage) except where indicated.</p><p>+Group comparisons by the chi-square test.</p

Occurrence and risk assessment of glycidyl and 3-monochloropropanediol esters in infant formulas marketed in Taiwan

Glycidyl esters (GEs) and 3-monochloropropanediol esters (3-MCPDEs) are process contaminants commonly found in refined edible oils which are often added to infant formulas. The Taiwan Food and Drug Administration (TFDA) launched regulations for GEs in infant formulas that went into effect on 1 July 2021. To investigate levels of GEs and 3-MCPDEs in infant formula powder, 45 products were sampled and analysed during 2020–2021. The contents of GEs and 3-MCPDEs in formulas of different brands significantly varied, but their concentrations in all of the formulas complied with European Union (EU) regulations. Infant formulas containing palm oil had significantly higher 3-MCPDE levels in both extracted oils and milk powder than those without palm oil. Concentrations of GEs and 3-MCPDEs in infant formula powder and extracted oils were significantly lower in products from Europe than those from Australia and New Zealand. Infants aged 0–1 years in Taiwan who consumed only infant formula showed a margin of exposure (MoE) exceeding 25,000. Mean consumer exposures to 3-MCPDEs stayed below the tolerable daily intake (TDI), while high exposures at the 95th percentile (P95) exceeded the TDI by 1.7-fold. Herein, we present the changing trends in the risk assessment results of infant formula across various countries in the decade. Implementation of regulations and mitigation strategy effectively reduced the risk of infants being exposed to GEs and 3-MCPDEs through infant formula.</p

Hazard ratios of dementia in patients with and without hypnotic usage stratified by age and sex.

<p>Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.</p><p>All models are analyzed by Cox regression adjusted for hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and stroke.</p

Hazard ratios of dementia in patients with and without hypnotic usage stratified by categories of hypnotics, half-lives of hypnotics and doses of hypnotics.

<p>Abbreviations: BZD, benzodiazepine; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.</p><p>All models are analyzed by Cox regression adjusted for hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and stroke.</p>*<p>Low: 7 to 30 defined daily dose (DDD) per year; medium: 31 to 90 DDD per year; high: at least 91 DDD per year.</p

Characteristics of subjects with insomnia and hypnotic use (N = 5693).

<p>Abbreviation: BZD, benzodiazepine.</p>#<p>There were 273 patients (5.76%) switched from short-acting to intermediate-acting (N = 199) or long-acting (N = 74) and 51 patients (5.39%) switched from intermediate-acting to long-acting hypnotics.</p>*<p>Low: 7 to 30 defined daily dose (DDD) per year; medium: 31 to 90 DDD per year; high: at least 91 DDD per year.</p>$<p>Additional included subjects.</p><p>+ Current: prescription of hypnotics ended within 30 days before dementia index date; previous: prescription ended 31 to 90 days before dementia index date; remote: prescription ended 91 days or more before dementia index date.</p