The three steps of DPAM on dataset Flame.

<p>(A) Stage 1, (B) Stage 2, (C) Stage 3.</p

Alfalfa cropping is superior to cotton and rapeseed cropping in improving the quality and microbial diversity of reclaimed saline soils

Soil salinisation has led to increasing abandonment of farmlands in the arid region of northwest China, and the cultivation of cash crops has become an important way to reuse abandoned farmlands and remediate saline soils. In this study, the effects of cotton (Cot), alfalfa (Alf), and rapeseed (Rap) cropping on the bacterial and fungal communities in saline soil were compared based on high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC) of the Cot, Alf, and Rap groups decreased significantly compared with those of bare land (CK). Especially, soil pH (8.3) and EC (0.93 mS cm-1) of the Alf group decreased the most, and the contents of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) increased the most, which increased by 250% and 91.4%, respectively compared with those of the CK (p < 0.05). Actinobacteriota and Proteobacteria were the dominant bacterial phyla in the three groups, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the dominant fungal phyla. The diversity of soil bacterial and fungal communities in the Alf group was higher than that in the Cot and Rap groups. The results of RDA and PERMANOVA analysis showed that soil pH, EC, C/N ratio, and TN were the main factors affecting soil bacterial and fungal communities in the three groups. In general, Cot, Alf, and Rap cropping all could reduce soil pH and EC and improve soil microbial community structure and diversity, but Alf cropping had the best effects in improving saline soil quality and bacterial and fungal diversity.</p

The clustering results of DBSCAN, DP Clustering and DPAM using Jain dataset.

<p>(A) DBSCAN (<i>MinPts</i> = 2.9, <i>Eps</i> = 20), (B) DP (<i>percent</i> = 40), (C) DPAM.</p

The three steps of DPAM on dataset Donut.

<p>(A) Stage 1, (B) Stage 2, (C) Stage 3.</p

The three steps of DPAM on dataset Jain.

<p>(A) Stage 1, (B) Stage 2, (C) Stage 3.</p

The clustering results of k-means, DPAM and AP with <i>FM</i>.

<p>The clustering results of k-means, DPAM and AP with <i>FM</i>.</p

The clustering results of DBSCAN, DP Clustering and DPAM using Spiral dataset.

<p>(A) DBSCAN (<i>MinPts</i> = 2.5, <i>Eps</i> = 2), (B) DP (<i>percent</i> = 5), (C) DPAM.</p

Comparison of 3 clustering algorithms on synthetic datasets.

<p>Comparison of 3 clustering algorithms on synthetic datasets.</p

The clustering results of DBSCAN, DP Clustering and DPAM using Donut dataset.

<p>(A) DBSCAN (<i>MinPts</i> = 1, <i>Eps</i> = 2), (B) DP (<i>percent</i> = 5), (C) DPAM.</p

Influence of parameters on clustering results in four datasets.

<p>Influence of parameters on clustering results in four datasets.</p