Extraction of Gallic Acid from Chromolaena sp. Using Ultrasound-assisted Extraction

Chromolaena sp. is believed to have phytochemical components namely alkaloids, flavonoids, flavone, essential oils, phenolics, saponins, tannins and terpenoids. In this study, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) procedure was performed to extract the gallic acid from Chromolaena sp. UAE is known to be an environmentally green extraction method. This study was carried out with two different parameters which are sonication time and duty cycle. Phytochemical screening result showed the presence of phenolic compound when the dark-green colour of solution was observed. The best operating parameters to maximise the yield were as follows: sonication time of 80 minutes with yield of 3.006 mg/mL and duty cycle of 90% with yield of 3.764 mg/mL. The FT-IR result shows that presence of O-H and alkene group in the extraction samples. From the results, it can be concluded that UAE is an effective method to extract gallic acid from Chromolaena sp. The implication in this study was reducing the extraction time for the production of herbs medicine from natural resource

Nanomagnetic adsorbent composite derived from activated carbon modified with iron oxide for Cu2+ and Pb2+ removal

The use of abundance agriculture waste such as sugarcane bagasse (SCB), corn stalk(CS), durian husk (DH) and mangosteen shell (MS) as the sorbent material in the form of activated carbon in the synthesis of nanomagnetic adsorbent is a new approach and not common. This study was undertaken to explore the possibility of using SCB, CS, DH and MS-Nm adsorbent composite to remove Cu2+ and Pb2+ from aqueous solution. The synthesis of SCB, CS, DH and MS-Nm adsorbent composite was successfully done by modifying the activated carbon derived from SCB, CS, DH and MS with iron oxide nanoparticle. Characterization study by SEM, EDX, FTIR, and XRD confirmed the presence of iron oxide nanoparticle in the form of maghemite (γ- Fe2O3) in SCB, CS, DH and MS-Nm adsorbent composite. Study of parameters such as pH (pH 3 to 9), temperature (30 to 50 oC), contact time (20 to 80 min) and adsorbent dose (0.05 to 0.5 g) were performed to determine the optimal condition of adsorption process for Cu2+ and Pb2+ removal. Residual concentrations of heavy metals (Cu2+ and Pb2+) in the solution were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. From the experiment, it can be concluded that all adsorbent composites able to remove Cu2+ and Pb2+. The removals were mostly above 90% at optimum conditions. The optimum condition for the adsorption of Cu2+ and Pb2+ onto SCB, CS, DH and MS-Nm adsorbent composites were at pH 4, temperature of 50 oC, contact time 80 min and adsorbent dose 0.5 g. Significant predictive model was obtained based on the response surface method (RSM), input variables and empirical relationship between the response and studied parameter. Isotherm and kinetic studies showed various mechanism of adsorption, as determined by Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin models for isotherms and pseudo first order, pseudo second order and intraparticle diffusion models for kinetics. Study of desorption-readsorption established that adsorbent efficiency maintained above 80% during three adsorption - desorption cycles. The results indicated that SCB, CS, DH and MS-Nm adsorbent composite as a novel and effective adsorbent to remove Cu2+ and Pb2+ from aqueous solution with high stability and good reusability

Sugarcane bagasse derived nano magnetic adsorbent composite (SCB-NMAC) for removal of Cu2+ from aqueous solution

A novel sugarcane bagasse derived nano magnetic adsorbent composite (SCB-NMAC) was successfully prepared for the removal of Cu2+ in aqueous solution. Characterization of the newly prepared material was obtained through SEM, EDX, particle size analyzer and XRD. Results confirmed the presence of iron oxide coating onto the material. The removal of Cu2+ by SCB-NMAC obeyed the pseudo second order reaction (R2 = 0.982) as opposed to intra particle diffusion (R2 = 0.708), and pseudo first order (R2= 0.402) model. Langmuir isotherm was found to be more applicable (R2= 0.996) rather than Freundlich isotherm (R2= 0.979), which indicated a monolayer adsorption between Cu2+ and SCB-NMAC. The maximum adsorption capacity was calculated as 113.63 mg/g at pH 4. In addition, adsorption-desorption studies indicated that SCB-NMAC displayed high stability for regeneration with good reusability with desorption efficiency up to 60% and reusability efficiency up to 80% for three recurring cycles

Comparative studies on different kind of durian husks as microstructure activated carbon

In this study, chemical activation technique was used to produce the microstructure activated carbon(MAC) with particle size of 2000 micrometer using three types of durian husks. The durian husks used were Durian D-2 (DD-2), Durian Kampung (DK)and Durian KacingBaju(DKB).The prepared MAC was characterized using proximate analysis and elemental analysis. The proximate analysis includes moisture content, ash content, volatile matter and fixed carbon. Besides that, iodine titration method was used to compare the absorbent properties of MAC with the silica gel as commercial absorbent. Absorption results showed that MAC(87.50%) possessed better absorbent ability as compared to silica gel which was only 52.08% for 80 minutes.The results indicated that all types of durian husk showed different values in physical analysis and almost same characteristicsin chemical analysis

Extraction of gallic acid from chromolaena sp. using ultrasound-assisted extraction

Chromolaena sp. is believed to have phytochemical components namely alkaloids, flavonoids, flavone, essential oils, phenolics, saponins, tannins and terpenoids. In this study, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) procedure was performed to extract the gallic acid from Chromolaena sp. UAE is known to be an environmentally green extraction method. This study was carried out with two different parameters which are sonication time and duty cycle. Phytochemical screening result showed the presence of phenolic compound when the dark-green colour of solution was observed. The best operating parameters to maximise the yield were as follows: sonication time of 80 minutes with yield of 3.006 mg/mL and duty cycle of 90% with yield of 3.764 mg/mL. The FT-IR result shows that presence of O-H and alkene group in the extraction samples. From the results, it can be concluded that UAE is an effective method to extract gallic acid from Chromolaena sp. The implication in this study was reducing the extraction time for the production of herbs medicine from natural resource