Comparison of “measured” and “modeled” annul soil C flux from the different sites.

<p>*denotes statistical significance using a pairwise <i>t</i> test comparing “measured” with “modeled” annual values at each site.</p

Effects of soil temperature and soil moisture on the variation in soil respiration rate of different sites during the experimental period.

<p>SR is monthly mean soil respiration (µmol m⁻² s⁻¹); ST and SM denote soil temperature (°C) and soil moisture (%) at 10 cm depth, respectively; <i>a</i>, <i>b</i> and <i>c</i> are fitted constants; Q₁₀ is the temperature sensitivity of SR.</p><p>*means <i>p</i><0.1;</p><p>**means <i>p</i><0.05;</p><p>***means <i>p</i><0.001.</p

Summary of characteristics of the different sites.

<p>ST and SM are range of mean soil temperature and soil moisture, respectively at 10 cm depth, during the experimental period; SOC represents soil organic carbon in the top 20 cm depth; SBD means soil bulk density.</p

Transcriptomic Profiling Analysis of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> Treated with Exogenous <i>Myo</i>-Inositol

<div><p><i>Myo</i>-insositol (MI) is a crucial substance in the growth and developmental processes in plants. It is commonly added to the culture medium to promote adventitious shoot development. In our previous work, MI was found in influencing <i>Agrobacterium</i>-mediated transformation. In this report, a high-throughput RNA sequencing technique (RNA-Seq) was used to investigate differently expressed genes in one-month-old <i>Arabidopsis</i> seedling grown on MI free or MI supplemented culture medium. The results showed that 21,288 and 21,299 genes were detected with and without MI treatment, respectively. The detected genes included 184 new genes that were not annotated in the <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> reference genome. Additionally, 183 differentially expressed genes were identified (DEGs, FDR ≤0.05, log₂ FC≥1), including 93 up-regulated genes and 90 down-regulated genes. The DEGs were involved in multiple pathways, such as cell wall biosynthesis, biotic and abiotic stress response, chromosome modification, and substrate transportation. Some significantly differently expressed genes provided us with valuable information for exploring the functions of exogenous MI. RNA-Seq results showed that exogenous MI could alter gene expression and signaling transduction in plant cells. These results provided a systematic understanding of the functions of exogenous MI in detail and provided a foundation for future studies.</p></div

GO classifications of genes.

<p>The results are summarized in three main categories: biological processes, molecular functions and cellular components by GO analysis. (A) GO classifications of all genes between the two treatments and all 177 DEGs between the two treatments. <b>(B)</b> GO analysis of the down-regulated genes in A1-vs-A2. <b>(C)</b> GO analysis of the up-regulated genes in A1-vs-A2.</p

Facile Preparation of Well-Defined Hydrophilic Core–Shell Upconversion Nanoparticles for Selective Cell Membrane Glycan Labeling and Cancer Cell Imaging

Molecular imaging enables in situ visualization of biomolecules in living organisms and creates numerous opportunities for basic biological research and early disease diagnosis. As luminescent probes for molecular imaging, lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) exhibit superior performance compared to conventional fluorescent dyes in many ways, including high tissue penetration depth and minimized autofluorescence and photobleaching, making them particularly advantageous for imaging analysis. Although various synthesis methods have been reported, the preparation of high quality, water-soluble UCNPs remains challenging. For in situ imaging, glycans on the cell surface are particularly attractive due to their key roles in cellular activity and disease occurrence and development. However, glycan imaging is a challenging task due to their diverse structures and incompatibility with genetically encoded fluorescent tagging techniques. Herein, we report a new type of highly water-soluble, lectin-functionalized core–shell UCNP synthesized by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) for selective cell membrane glycan labeling and cancer cell imaging. SI-ATRP modification results in controlled growth of hydrophilic polymers on the UCNP surface and well-defined core–shell structure, producing UCNPs with improved biocompatibility and intact luminance property. Furthermore, the numerous functional groups on the polymer brush shell provide a large number of binding sites and 3D support for lectin immobilization. The increased loading density and diversified architecture of the immobilized lectins facilitates multivalent binding between the lectins and the glycans on the cell surface and leads to selective labeling of highly metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HCCHM3) in vitro and successful in vivo imaging of HCCHM3 inoculated mice

qRT–PCR validation of RNA-Seq results.

<p>Fifteen genes were randomly selected from the DEGs (<i>red columns</i>) from the RNA-Seq data and were analyzed for differential expression changes (<i>blue columns</i>) of the genes. The results were the average of two biological replicate samples in triplicate. <i>Error bars</i> indicate the standard error of two biological replicates in qRT–PCR.</p

MapMan overview of cellular function (A) and biotic stress (B) showing all DEGs between the two treatments with exogenous <i>myo</i>-inositol.

<p>The <i>big grey circle</i> is an illustrated map of nucleus. The <i>small grey circle</i> indicate annotated biological process (metabolites). The <i>small squares</i> represent individual genes. The <i>color key</i> represents RPKM normalized log₂ transformed counts. <i>Red</i> represents up-regulation and <i>blue</i> represents down-regulation between two treatments with exogenous <i>myo</i>-inositol.</p

Cumulative soil C flux (g C m⁻²) for Winter (December-February), Spring and Fall (March-April and October-November), and Growing season (May-September) in the three different sites.

<p>Error bars are standard error of means (n = 3). Different letters denote significant differences as determined by Tukey’s HSD test.</p

Hierarchical cluster analyses of gene expression based on log ratio RPKM data.

<p>The cluster display expression patterns for a subset of DEGs in two comparisons (A1-vs-A2) between two treatments. The <i>color key</i> represents RPKM normalized log₁₀ transformed counts. <i>Red</i> represents high expression, <i>green</i> represents a low expression. <i>Each column</i> represents an experimental condition, and <i>each row</i> represents a gene. The columns are evenly divided into three groups, I, II and III. Each group contains 61 genes, their order are arranged in accordance with the blue arrow direction. The green box contains 26 genes, which represented the green rows in III group.</p