Comparison of collecting ability of 3 different collecting methods.

<p>*indicates significance at p<0.05. # indicates boxplot was drawn by the author from data in [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0150481#pone.0150481.ref022" target="_blank">22</a>].</p

Collecting ability of electret filters in collecting atomized protein particles.

<p>(a) Amounts of collected albumin when the volume of atomized albumin solution increased. Amounts of collected albumin increased as the volume of atomized albumin solution increased before point A, then decreased, and finally increased again after point B. (b) Amounts of collected CEA when the volume of atomized CEA solution increased. Amounts of collected CEA increased as the volume of atomized CEA solution increased before point C, then decreased, and finally increased again after point D. (c) Mean collecting efficiency of electret filters when the volume of atomized albumin solution increased. (d) Mean collecting efficiency of electret filters when the volume of atomized CEA solution increased. Amounts of collected proteins were calculated by <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0150481#pone.0150481.e002" target="_blank">Eq 2</a>. Collecting efficiencies were calculated by <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0150481#pone.0150481.e003" target="_blank">Eq 3</a>. Error bars shown in a) and b) were standard deviation of triplicate experiments.</p

Study population.

<p>Study population.</p

Schematic diagram of the designed collecting device in vertical section.

<p>Schematic diagram of the designed collecting device in vertical section.</p

Analysis on the ionospheric scintillation monitoring performance of ROTI extracted from GNSS observations in high-latitude regions

Monitoring ionospheric scintillation on a global scale requires introducing a network of widely distributed geodetic receivers, which call for a special type of scintillation index due to the low sampling rate of such receivers. ROTI, as a scintillation index with great potential being applied in geodetic receivers globally, lacks extensive verification in the high-latitude region. Taking the phase scintillation index (σϕ) provided by ionospheric scintillation monitoring receivers as the reference, this paper analyses data collected at 8 high-latitude GNSS stations to validate the performance of ROTI statistically. The data is evaluated against 4 parameters: 1, the detected daily scintillation occurrence rate; 2, the ability to detect the daily occurrence pattern of ionospheric scintillation; 3, the correlation between the detected scintillation and the space weather parameters, including the 10.7 cm solar flux, Ap, the H component of longitudinally asymmetric and polar cap north indices; 4, the overall distribution of the scintillation magnitude. Results reveal that the scintillation occurrence rates, the occurrence patterns of ionospheric scintillations and the correlations provided by ROTI are generally consistent with those given by σϕ, particularly in the middle-high-latitude region. However, the analysis on the distribution of σϕ for different ranges of ROTI shows ROTI cannot achieve accurate scintillation monitoring at the epoch level in all selected stations. The main outcomes of this paper are of importance in guiding the reasonable application area of ROTI and developing a high-latitude ionospheric scintillation model based on geodetic receivers

Collecting exhaled breath particles using a self-designed collecting device.

<p>Collecting exhaled breath particles using a self-designed collecting device.</p

Schematic diagram of experiment setup used in this study.

<p>Schematic diagram of experiment setup used in this study.</p

Amounts of albumin in human exhaled breath collected using self-designed collecting devices.

<p>The amounts of collected albumin were calculated by <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0150481#pone.0150481.e002" target="_blank">Eq 2</a>. Error bars shown in the figure were standard deviation of triplicate measurements of each sample.</p

Spatial-temporal behaviors of large-scale ionospheric perturbations during severe geomagnetic storms on September 7–8 2017 using the GNSS, SWARM and TIE-GCM techniques

Geomagnetic storms on 7–8 September 2017 triggered severe ionospheric disturbances that had a serious effect on satellite navigation and radio communication. Multiple observations derived from Global Navigation Satellite System receivers, Earth's Magnetic Field and Environment Explorers (SWARM) and the Thermosphere-Ionosphere -Electrodynamics General Circulation Model's simulations are utilized to investigate the spatial-temporal ionospheric behaviors under storm conditions. The results indicate that the electron density in the Asia-Australia, Europe-Africa and America sectors suddenly changed with the Bz southward excursion, and the ionosphere over low-middle latitudes under the sunlit hemisphere is easily affected by the disturbed magnetic field. The SWARM observations verified the remarkable double-peak structure of plasma enhancements over the equator and middle latitudes. The physical mechanism of low-middle plasma disturbances can be explained by a combination effect of equatorial electrojets, vertical E × B drifts, meridional wind and thermospheric O/N2 change. Besides, the severe storms triggered strong Polar plasma disturbances on both dayside and nightside hemispheres, and the Polar disturbances had a latitudinal excursion associated with the offset of geomagnetic field. Remarkable plasma enhancements at the altitudes of 100–160 km were also observed in the auroral zone and middle latitudes (>47.5°N/S). The topside polar ionospheric plasma enhancements were dominated by the O+ ions. Furthermore, the TIE-GCM's simulations indicate that the enhanced vertical E × B drifts, cross polar cap potential and Joule heating play an important role in generating the topside plasma perturbations