Relationship of Family Environment, Psychological Resilience, Campus Bullying with Tobacco Use among Preadolescents

Objective. To explore the relationship between family environment, psychological resilience, campus bullying and tobacco use in early adolescence. Methods. According to the principle of cluster sampling, 4,792 students from grade 4 to grade 6 in five primary schools in Baise City and county were selected from February to November 2018, including 2,522 males (52.63%), 2,236 females (46.66%)and 34 missing genders (0.71%); the average age was (11.8 ± 0.5) years; 2,721 students in urban areas (56.78%) and 2,071 students in county towns (43.22%); 4,313 Zhuang (90.00%), 365 Han (7.62%), 98 other ethnic groups (Yao, Miao, Yi, etc.) (2.05%). The General Family Environment Questionnaire, Adolescent Mental Resilience Scale, School Bullying Questionnaire, and Tobacco Use Questionnaire were used for evaluation, and logistic regression was used to analyze the effect relationship between the study variables. Results. 467 people tried to smoke, and the total detection rate was 9.75%. The number of smokers was 334, and the total detection rate was 6.97%. Boys’ tobacco attempt and smoking behavior were higher than girls (χ2 were 57.230 and 56.013, P < 0. 001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of tobacco attempt of boys was 2.37 times thanthat of girls (OR = 0.468, 95% CI 0.377 ~ 0.582), the risk of smoking in boys is 2.5 times that in girls 32 times (OR = 0.422, 95% CI 0.324 ~ 0.551); older adolescents had more tobacco attempts (OR = 1.609, 95% CI 1.446 ~ 1.791)and smoking behavior (OR = 2.026, 95% CI 1.776 ~ 2.310); campus bullying increased the risk of smoking behavior among adolescents (OR = 1.106, 95% CI 1.073 ~ 1.140). Psychological resilience (personal strength), family intimacy and family rules can effectively reduce the risk of adolescent tobacco attempts (personal strength, OR = 0.964, 95% CI = 0.951 ~ 0.976; family intimacy, OR = 0.946, 95% CI 0.892 ~ 0.984; family rules, OR = 0.949, 95% CI 0.930 ~ 0.965) and smoking behavior (personal strength, OR = 0.962, 95% CI 0.947 ~ 0.977; family intimacy, OR = 0.937, 95% CI 0.885 ~ 0.992; family rules, OR = 0.952, 95% CI 0.932 ~ 0.973). Conclusion. Campus bullying increases the risk of smoking behavior among adolescents. Psychological resilience (personal strength), family intimacy and family rules can effectively reduce teenagers’ tobacco attempts and smoking behavior

Prevalent, protective, and convergent IgG recognition of SARS-CoV-2 non-RBD spike epitopes

The molecular composition and binding epitopes of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies that circulate in blood plasma following SARS-CoV-2 infection are unknown. Proteomic deconvolution of the IgG repertoire to the spike glycoprotein in convalescent subjects revealed that the response is directed predominantly (>80%) against epitopes residing outside the receptor-binding domain (RBD). In one subject, just four IgG lineages accounted for 93.5% of the response, including an N-terminal domain (NTD)-directed antibody that was protective against lethal viral challenge. Genetic, structural, and functional characterization of a multi-donor class of “public” antibodies revealed an NTD epitope that is recurrently mutated among emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. These data show that “public” NTD-directed and other non-RBD plasma antibodies are prevalent and have implications for SARS-CoV-2 protection and antibody escape

Broad neutralization of SARS-related viruses by human monoclonal antibodies

Broadly protective vaccines against known and preemergent human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are urgently needed. To gain a deeper understanding of cross-neutralizing antibody responses, we mined the memory B cell repertoire of a convalescent severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) donor and identified 200 SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) binding antibodies that target multiple conserved sites on the spike (S) protein. A large proportion of the non-neutralizing antibodies display high levels of somatic hypermutation and cross-react with circulating HCoVs, suggesting recall of preexisting memory B cells elicited by prior HCoV infections. Several antibodies potently cross-neutralize SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and the bat SARS-like virus WIV1 by blocking receptor attachment and inducing S1 shedding. These antibodies represent promising candidates for therapeutic intervention and reveal a target for the rational design of pan-sarbecovirus vaccines

Convergent dysbiosis of gastric mucosa and fluid microbiome during stomach carcinogenesis

Abstract Background A complex microbiota in the gastric mucosa (GM) has been unveiled recently and its dysbiosis is identified to be associated with gastric cancer (GC). However, the microbial composition in gastric fluid (GF) and its correlation with GM during gastric carcinogenesis are unclear. Methods We obtained GM and GF samples from 180 patients, including 61 superficial gastritis (SG), 55 intestinal metaplasia (IM) and 64 GC and performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. The concentration of gastric acid and metabolite nitrite has been measured. Results Overall, the composition of microbiome in GM was distinct from GF with less diversity, and both were influenced by H. pylori infection. The structure of microbiota changed differentially in GM and GF across histological stages of GC, accompanied with decreased gastric acid and increased carcinogenic nitrite. The classifiers of GC based on microbial markers were identified in both GM and GF, including Lactobacillus, Veillonella, Gemella, and were further validated in an independent cohort with good performance. Interestingly, paired comparison between GM and GF showed that their compositional distinction remarkably dwindled from SG to GC, with some GF-enriched bacteria significantly increased in GM. Moreover, stronger interaction network between microbes of GM and GF was observed in GC compared to SG. Conclusion Our results, for the first time, revealed a comprehensive profile of both GM and GF microbiomes during the development of GC. The convergent microbial characteristics between GM and GF in GC suggest that the colonization of carcinogenic microbes in GM might derive from GF

Structural basis for potent neutralization of betacoronaviruses by single-domain camelid antibodies

Coronaviruses make use of a large envelope protein called spike (S) to engage host cell receptors and catalyze membrane fusion. Because of the vital role that these S proteins play, they represent a vulnerable target for the development of therapeutics. Here, we describe the isolation of single-domain antibodies (VHHs) from a llama immunized with prefusion-stabilized coronavirus spikes. These VHHs neutralize MERS-CoV or SARSCoV-1 S pseudotyped viruses, respectively. Crystal structures of these VHHs bound to their respective viral targets reveal two distinct epitopes, but both VHHs interfere with receptor binding. We also show cross-reactivity between the SARS-CoV-1 S-directed VHH and SARS-CoV-2 S and demonstrate that this cross-reactive VHH neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 S pseudotyped viruses as a bivalent human IgG Fc-fusion. These data provide a molecular basis for the neutralization of pathogenic betacoronaviruses by VHHs and suggest that these molecules may serve as useful therapeutics during coronavirus outbreaks

Structural basis for potent neutralization of betacoronaviruses by single-domain camelid antibodies (vol 181, pg 1004, 2020)

Coronaviruses make use of a large envelope protein called spike (S) to engage host cell receptors and catalyze membrane fusion. Because of the vital role that these S proteins play, they represent a vulnerable target for the development of therapeutics. Here, we describe the isolation of single-domain antibodies (VHHs) from a llama immunized with prefusion-stabilized coronavirus spikes. These VHHs neutralize MERS-CoV or SARSCoV-1 S pseudotyped viruses, respectively. Crystal structures of these VHHs bound to their respective viral targets reveal two distinct epitopes, but both VHHs interfere with receptor binding. We also show cross-reactivity between the SARS-CoV-1 S-directed VHH and SARS-CoV-2 S and demonstrate that this cross-reactive VHH neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 S pseudotyped viruses as a bivalent human IgG Fc-fusion. These data provide a molecular basis for the neutralization of pathogenic betacoronaviruses by VHHs and suggest that these molecules may serve as useful therapeutics during coronavirus outbreaks