16,237 research outputs found
Locke's Criterion for the Reality of Ideas: Unambiguous but Untenable
The paper argues against the claim held, e.g., by Leibniz, that Locke employs a double standard for determining whether an object before the mind (i.e., an idea) is real. Using Locke's ectype-archetype distinction it is shown that this charge is the result of confusing Locke's criterion of reality with its application. Depending on whether it applies to a simple, substance or mode idea, the criterion works out differently. Next it is argued that although Locke maintains only a single criterion, this criterion is untenable, since it fails to properly distinguish real from fantastical ideas
Comment on `Magic strains in face-centered and body-centered cubic lattices'
The six symmetry-related so-called magic strain tensors that transform a f.c.c. lattice (or a b.c.c. lattice) into itself, which have been reported recently by Boyer [Acta Cryst. (1989), A45, FC29-FC32] are not unique: an infinite number of displacement tensors can be constructed that transform one lattice into another, or into itself. There is no connection with fivefold symmetry, other than that in any f.c.c. crystal
On the origin of second-peak splitting in the static structure factor of metallic glasses
It is proposed that the splitting of the second peak of the total static structure factor, S(k), of many metallic glasses is essentially the same feature as the indentation at kÏ = (9/2)Ï in the function (sin k Ï + αâ1 sin kαÏ), caused by the coincidence of the fourth minimum of the second term with the third maximum of the first term when α â 5/3. Together with the strong-weak relation of the split peak components of S(k), this feature indicates the splitting to be direct evidence for face-sharing of regular tetrahedra (α = 2â2/3) dominating the topological short range order; increasing the number of face-sharing tetrahedra in local structural units indeed increases the amount of peak splitting in S(k); a dense random packing of well defined identical structural units (DRPSU), with neighbouring units linked together by a shared icosahedron, is described in detail. The packing fraction in a homogeneous, isotropic 1078-atom model is 0.67, after static relaxation under a two-body Lennard-Jones potential.\ud
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Mass transfer in corrugated-plate membrane modules. I. Hyperfiltration experiments
The application of corrugations as turbulence promoters in membrane filtration was studied. This study showed that it is possible to deform an originally flat membrane to a corrugated shape without damaging it. In hyperfiltration experiments using corrugated cellulose acetate membranes it was found that the corrugations improve mass transfer, provided they are not too close together. At a given value of the mass-transfer coefficient, the presence of corrugations can lead to lower energy consumption in hyperfiltration than possible with flat membranes
Beyond Frozen Conflict Scenarios for the Separatist Disputes of Eastern Europe. CEPS Paperback
This book forms part of a wider project on the relations between the
European Union and Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine, and in
particular the Association Agreements and Deep and
Comprehensive Free Trade Areas (DCFTAs) between these three
states and the European Union.
The wider project was begun in 2015 in the aftermath of the
Maidan uprising at the beginning of 2014, which had been provoked
when President Yanukovich reneged over the signing of Ukraineâs
Association Agreement with the EU. Following Yanukovichâs flight
to Russia, the Association Agreement was duly signed later in 2014.
The agreements with Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine have a
substantial common content, while differing in various details.
Overall, they provide an association model of unprecedented extent
and depth. Democratic political values are at the heart of the
agreements, while the economic content goes far beyond classic free
trade agreements to include a wholesale approximation of EU
internal market regulatory law. The purpose of our wider project was
first of all to explain the complex content of the Association
Agreements and DCFTAs, which was achieved in a series of
comprehensive handbooks published at www.3dcftas.eu.
However, the agreements contain only short and simple
articles on conflict prevention and management, without meaningful
operational content. This was notwithstanding the fact that the EU
considers itself, for its own historical reasons, to have a special
vocation in conflict prevention and resolution. In addition, Georgia
and Moldova were already the sites of unresolved separatist conflicts
originating around the collapse of the Soviet Union three decades
ago, namely Abkhazia and South Ossetia in Georgia, and
Transdniestria in Moldova, to which we have added the case of the
Nagorny Karabakh between Armenia and Azerbaijan. On top of this legacy, the Maidan uprising led to the Russian annexation of Crimea
and its hybrid war in the Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts of the Donbas.
The Donbas thus joined the old âfrozen conflictsâ.
In the light of the above, CEPS took the initiative to examine all
five unresolved conflicts, to assess where these disputes seem to be
heading, and what different scenarios could be imagined for their
future, including how the European Union might become more
engaged. Indeed, while none of the conflicts are resolved, none are
for that matter âfrozenâ. Our first practical priority was to find an
author to undertake a comprehensive study of the Donbas, since
conditions there make it practically impossible for any analysts from
the government-controlled part of Ukraine or from Europe to safely
enter these territories for research purposes. We were therefore very
fortunate to find Nikolaus von Twickel who had recently been
travelling in the Donbas as part of the OSCE Mission there, and is
now an independent analyst. For the other four âoldâ conflicts we
were also most fortunate to bring in Thomas de Waal, who has been
a leading scholar of the region for some decades, and was willing to
bring the stories of these conflicts up to date. The two authors were
able to address the complete set of conflicts with a consistent
analytical approach, as will be evident from reading the sets of
scenarios.
We express our warm appreciation towards Sweden and the
Swedish International Development Agency (Sida) for their support
to the entire project.
This volume looks at future prospects for the string of unresolved
conflicts that continue to plague the post-Soviet world. Four of them
date back to the period when the USSR began to break up in the late
1980s. A new conflict, with many different elements and some
similarities, was added to the list in 2014: the Donbas in eastern
Ukraine. The open confrontation between Russia and Ukraine over
the Donbas and Crimea not only destroyed relations between
Moscow and Kyiv but changed politics across the region, shaking up
the dynamics of the four existing protracted territorial conflicts over
Abkhazia, Nagorny Karabakh, South Ossetia and Transdniestria.
The five post-Soviet conflicts are often called âfrozenâ, but this
is a misnomer. Although the peace processes around them often look
frozen, the situations themselves are anything but frozen and are
constantly changing. Two of them, over the Donbas and Nagorny
Karabakh, are either ongoing or close to violence. Each dispute has
its own history, character and context, which has grown more
distinctive over time and has been further shaped by the
confrontation over Ukraine. Each continues to evolve. Here we chart
scenarios for how these conflicts may develop further with the aim of
focusing policymakersâ thinking on which tendencies are dangerous
and which ones can be encouraged. There are many moving parts to
these situations and complacency is not an option
A Spreading Danger: Time for a New Policy towards Chechnya. CEPS Policy Briefs No. 68, 1 April 2005
The ongoing conflict in and around Chechnya is helping to feed the wider international jihadi movement, and is endangering the West as well as Russia. The next âsoft targetâ of North Caucasian terrorism could be a Western one. Mutual recriminations over the conflict have badly damaged relations between Russia and the West. While most of the blame for this lies with Russian policies, the Western approach to the issue has often been unhelpful and irresponsible. Denunciations of Russian behaviour have not been matched by a real understanding of the Chechen conflict or a real commitment to help. In their own interest, Western countries need urgently to address the crisis in the North Caucasus. This requires them to recognize the seriousness of the threat, to open a real dialogue on cooperation with Russia rather than simply making criticisms, and to make a serious economic contribution to the region
Teaching Peirce to Undergraduates
Fourteen philosophers share their experience teaching Peirce to undergraduates in a
variety of settings and a variety of courses. The latter include introductory philosophy
courses as well as upper-level courses in American philosophy, philosophy of religion,
logic, philosophy of science, medieval philosophy, semiotics, metaphysics, etc., and even an upper-level course devoted entirely to Peirce. The project originates in a session devoted to teaching Peirce held at the 2007 annual meeting of the Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy. The session, organized by James Campbell and Richard Hart, was co-sponsored by the American Association of Philosophy Teachers
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