NEEDS SEEDED STRATEGIES

This paper addresses the issue of developing strategies starting from the identification and comprehension of true consumer needs. Needs and opportunities are linked to markets, benefits and strategies through a specific 3D model based on Maslow�s pyramid. A further model, denoted the PIE (Persons, Institutions and Enterprises), also contextualises needs seeded strategies also for institutions. Furthermore the paper builds on declared and latent needs and the author shows how both can live together, or separately, irrespective whether or not one sees them from the demand or supply side. The argument is that demand strategies are essentially based on declared needs and are �red ocean� in nature while supply strategies pace consumers by hitting latent needs and produce �blue ocean� favoured strategies. It is argued that current strategy frameworks e.g. Porter�s competitive advantage, Wernerfelt�s resourcebased strategy and Hax and Wilde�s integrated competitive advantage models, need to pace rather than chase the consumer. Strategies are considered as being the outcome of strategic choices that enterprises need to answer in order to stay or become (more) competitive. If an enterprise is to build its strategy on satisfying consumer needs then it is necessary to view resources from two perspectives, namely customers and assets. For each one of these two resources three possible scenarios are discussed namely that the resources are Insufficient, Limited or AbundantStrategy, Blue-ocean, Red-ocean, Declared, Latent, Needs

AN OVERVIEW OF NEEDS THEORIES BEHIND CONSUMERISM

Wynn and Coolidge [2004] have hypothesized that one of the key reasons why the Homo Sapiens progressed to being modern man while the Neanderthal man didn�t, is that the former developed through innovation (from artefacts to advanced hunting methods) while the latter has left no trace of such evolution. Almost as if the Neanderthal man did not see the need to progress and accepted circumstances as fact. If this is true then the Homo Sapiens have not only developed psychological and objective needs but have progressively updated them as well. Maslow put it beautifully by saying �You will either step forward into growth, or you will step backward into safety�. This paper is the first part of a two part series. Here we provide an overview of needs theories and discuss them in the context of consumerism, consumption and opportunities for enterprises. In part two, needs and opportunities are linked to markets, benefits and strategies through a specific 3D model based on Maslow�s pyramid. To pave the way for this approach we also promote a model (PIE-Persons, Institutions and Enterprises) with the intent to help enterprises view consumers, institutions and their organisation as one interweaved entity. Needs theories are known to be crucial behind much of the understanding of human behaviour and in particular in the workplace and by the consumer. This paper examines the development of hierarchical needs theory from Maslow to Gough with the intent to better identify consumer needs, provide examples of current and past business opportunities and macroscopically show the progression from red to blue ocean strategies. The authors provide an overview of needs theories seeded through motivational theory also with the aim to uncover the differences in having (sometimes known as deficit needs) and being needs (sometimes known as growth needs) and then subsequently link them to enterprise strategies, improved consumer understanding and better market exploitation.Maslow, Herzberg, needs, motivation, having, being, uniformity, diversity

An Overview of Needs Theories behind Consumerism

Wynn and Coolidge [2004] have hypothesized that one of the key reasons why the Homo Sapiens progressed to being modern man while the Neanderthal man didn’t, is that the former developed through innovation (from artefacts to advanced hunting methods) while the latter has left no trace of such evolution. Almost as if the Neanderthal man did not see the need to progress and accepted circumstances as fact. If this is true then the Homo Sapiens have not only developed psychological and objective needs but have progressively updated them as well. Maslow put it beautifully by saying “You will either step forward into growth, or you will step backward into safety”. This paper is the first part of a two part series. Here we provide an overview of needs theories and discuss them in the context of consumerism, consumption and opportunities for enterprises. In part two, needs and opportunities are linked to markets, benefits and strategies through a specific 3D model based on Maslow’s pyramid. To pave the way for this approach we also promote a model (PIE-Persons, Institutions and Enterprises) with the intent to help enterprises view consumers, institutions and their organisation as one interweaved entity. Needs theories are known to be crucial behind much of the understanding of human behaviour and in particular in the workplace and by the consumer. This paper examines the development of hierarchical needs theory from Maslow to Gough with the intent to better identify consumer needs, provide examples of current and past business opportunities and macroscopically show the progression from red to blue ocean strategies . The authors provide an overview of needs theories seeded through motivational theory also with the aim to uncover the differences in having (sometimes known as deficit needs) and being needs (sometimes known as growth needs) and then subsequently link them to enterprise strategies, improved consumer understanding and better market exploitation.Maslow, Herzberg, Needs, Motivation, Having, Being, Uniformity. Diversity, Part A

Telecommunications infrastructures and policies as factors in regional competitive advantage and disadvantage

There has been a revolution in telecommunications technologies in recent years. New technologies with myriad applications have helped transform markets, industrial structures and the organisation of firms throughout the economy. These changes have had important spatial effects which are the subject of this paper. The processes of adoption and diffusion of telecommunications technologies are discussed. The argument that the spread of such technologies means that"distance no longer matters" is scrutinised. There is a theme in the literature that this decentralising tendency has particular implications for peripheral regions, that new communications technologies could have a significant impact in reducing the traditional economic disadvantages of such regions. However, there is a contrary argument that there remain strong centralising tendencies. Indeed, new communications technologies may be associated with an increasing polarisation of economic activity. These theoretical arguments are revisited in the context of a case study of the Scottish Highlands and Islands. This is a particularly interesting region because, although it is a peripheral, rural area, it has a highly developed telecommunications infrastructure. This case study deploys the results of a recent study of the use by firms in the Highlands and Islands of communications technologies. The paper finds little significant evidence that telecommunications initiatives in the Scottish Highlands and Islands have significantly altered the competitive position of the region. The paper concludes with a discussion of some of the implications for national and local policy makers in encouraging the take up and effective use of new communications technologies.

Timing and the holding periods of institutional real estate

The literature on investors’ holding periods for equities and bonds suggest that high transaction costs are associated with longer holding periods. Return volatility, by contrast, is associated with short-term trading and hence shorter holding periods. High transaction costs and the perceived illiquidity of the real estate market leads to an expectation of longer holding periods. Further, work on depreciation and obsolescence might suggest that there is an optimal holding period. However, there is little empirical work in the area. In this paper, data from the Investment Property Databank are used to investigate sales rate and holding period for UK institutional real estate between 1981 and 1994. Sales rates are investigated using the Cox proportional hazards framework. The results show longer holding periods than those claimed by investors. There are marked differences by type of property and sales rates vary over time. Contemporaneous returns are positively associated with an increase in the rate of sale. The results shed light on investor behaviour

Mutiny Over Strict Scrutiny? Interpreting the Judicial Approach to Race-Conscious Higher Education Admission Policies

During the United States Supreme Court’s 2015-16 term, Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin (hereinafter referred to as Fisher I and Fisher II) was heard for a second time. The main issue in this case centered on the question of whether the University’s implementation of its admissions plan, in conjunction with the state’s Top Ten Percent Law, meets the two-prong strict scrutiny standard of first, being a compelling state interest and second, a narrowly tailored means to meet the stated objective. Under the Top Ten Percent Law high school students who graduate in the top ten percent of their class are eligible for automatic admission to any public college or university in Texas. In its 2013 ruling in Fisher I, the Supreme Court surmised that the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals failed to properly apply the strict scrutiny analysis to the contested plan. The Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in the first appearance of Fisher I in 2011 and the second in 2014 that the University’s admissions format is constitutionally sound based on a strict scrutiny analysis. Since the application of the doctrinal framework for strict scrutiny is at odds between the high court and the Fifth Circuit, the Supreme Court’s analysis in Fisher II is of great interest. In this article using colorblind discourse as a theoretical framework, we posit why the Supreme Court accepted Fisher I for a second time especially in light of justiciability questions regarding the “troublesome threshold issues relating to standing and mootness,” analyze the Court’s Fisher II oral arguments, and share best practices on what higher education institutions can legally do to continue admitting and retaining people of color