Динаміка змін показників білкового обміну в корів залежно від сезону року та території розташування господарства

Protein metabolism in animals is perhaps the most informative indicator of anthropogenic environmental pollution, because it provides an opportunity to characterize metabolic processes in the body. They are of the utmost importance for the structure and function of all cells, tissues and organs. Proteins reflect the state of the organism, as well as those changes that occur in it under the influence of internal and external factors. We studied the dynamics of changes in indicators in protein metabolism in cows depending on the season of the year and the location of a farm. The research was carried out in two farms of the Lviv region: the Danylo Halytskyj LLC, near the State Mining and Chemical Enterprise “Sirka”, and FE “Lelyk” of Zhovkva district, in spring, summer, autumn and winter periods of keeping. The object of research was the blood of 20 cows of Ukrainian Black-Spotted breed. According to the results of the research, a reduction in total protein, relative to the physiological norm of 0.45 g/l. in spring, and by 0.64 g/l in the summer, dysproteinemia, a high level of gamma globulin fraction (50.30%) in cows from the Danylo Halytskyj farm, located in the zone of influence of the State Chemical Medicine Plant “Sirka”. In animals FE Lelyk, located in the conventionally clean zone, this indicator was significantly higher, and was 76.14 g/l in spring, and 78.17 g/l in summer, and also in animals of this farm dysproteinemia was not observed. In the autumn, at the end of the summer grazing period of the keeping, the index of total protein tended to decrease in the animals of the Danylo Halytsky's Ltd., and in winter it was normalized and invested in the limits of the physiological norm. Albumin fraction of protein in this group of animals, throughout the search period, had a tendency to increase. In the cows of the FE “Lelyk”, the indices of protein metabolism were within the limits of the physiological norm in all periods of research, with the inherent fluctuations in the season of the year. The obtained results due to the content of total protein and protein fractions in the plasma of blood of cows kept in territories with different ecological status indicate that the effect of the activity of the State Chemical Medicine Plant “Sirka” is sufficiently strong on the organism of animals.Білковий обмін у тварин є чи не найбільш інформативним показником при техногенному забрудненні середовища, оскільки дає можливість охарактеризувати обмінні процеси в організмі. Вони мають винятково важливе значення для будови та функціонування всіх клітин, тканин і систем органів. Білки відображають стан організму, а також ті зміни, які в ньому відбуваються під впливом внутрішніх та зовнішніх чинників. Вивчали динаміку змін показників білкового обміну у корів  залежно від сезону року та території розташування господарства. Дослідження були проведені в двох господарствах Львівської області: ТзОВ імені Данила Галицького, поблизу Державного гірничо-хімічного підприємства “Сірка”, та ФГ “Лелик” Жовківського району у весняний, літній, осінній та зимовий періоди утримання. Об’єктом досліджень була кров 20 корів української чорно-рябої породи. Згідно з одержаними результатами досліджень встановлено зниження загального білка, щодо фізіологічної норми на 0,45 г/л у весняний, та на 0,64 г/л у літній періоди, диспротеїнемію, високий рівень гама глобулінової фракції (50,30%) у корів з господарства імені Данила Галицького, розташованого в зоні впливу ДГХП “Сірка”. У тварин ФГ “Лелик”, розташованого в умовно чистій зоні, цей показник був значно більшим і становив 76,14 г/л весною та 78,17 г/л влітку, також у тварин цього господарства диспротеїнемії не спостерігалось. Восени, по закінченні літнього пасовищного періоду утримання, показник загального білка мав тенденцію до зниження у тварин ТзОВ імені Данила Галицького, а взимку нормалізувався і вкладався в межі фізіологічної норми. Альбумінова фракція білка у цієї групи тварин впродовж усього періоду досліджень мала тенденцію до зростання. У корів ФГ “Лелик” показники білкового обміну перебували в межах фізіологічної норми в усі періоди досліджень, з притаманними щодо сезону року коливаннями. Одержані результати щодо вмісту загального білка та білкових фракцій у плазмі крові корів, яких утримують на територіях з різним екологічним статусом, вказують на достатньо потужний вплив на організм тварин наслідків діяльності ДГХП “Сірка”

Functional state and protein-synthesizing function of the liver of laying hens under conditions of cadmium loading

The toxicity of cadmium in the bird's body depends on the penetration method, the total dose, and the duration of poisoning. That is why the work aimed to study the effect of Cadmium on liver function disorders. To achieve the set goal in experiments on chickens under cadmium load, it was necessary to solve the following tasks: to study the effect of cadmium on the protein synthesis function of the liver of laying hens; to study the effect of cadmium on the functional state of the liver of laying hens. 24 laying hens aged 78 weeks were selected for research. These chickens were divided into three groups: control and two experimental, taking into account their age and weight. Chickens from the control group received compound feed and clean water without adding cadmium sulfate. In the chickens of the experimental groups, cadmium sulfate was added to the drinking water in different concentrations for 30 days: the first group (R1) – 2 mg per kilogram of body weight, the second group (R2) – 4 mg per kilogram of body weight. According to the conducted studies, it was found that in laying hens under conditions of cadmium load, the functional state of the liver is disturbed, as evidenced by the increased activity of aminotransferases in their blood serum. It is worth noting that the highest activity of alanine and aspartate aminotransferases was in the blood serum of laying hens of the second experimental group on the 21st day of the experiment. The results indicate an increase in destructive processes in the body of laying hens due to cadmium loading. In laying hens under cadmium load, the liver's protein synthesis function is suppressed, manifested by a decrease in the level of total protein and albumins, with a simultaneous increase in the level of globulins. Drinking cadmium sulfate with water in a larger dose (4 mg/kg of body weight) was accompanied by a more probable decrease in total protein and albumin level than drinking cadmium sulfate in a smaller dose (2 mg/kg of body weight). Under cadmium load, an albumin-globulin disproportion occurs, which is indicated by the value of the A/G ratio. In the chickens of the first experimental group, it was found that the value of the A/G ratio on the 21st day of the experiment was 0.42, while in the second experimental group, it was lower and was 0.39, respectively, against the control 0.52

The state of the body's immune system of beef cows with signs of endotoxicosis

During the development of endotoxicosis of various etiologies, secondary immunodeficiency occurs in animals, which progresses due to exposure to toxic metabolites. The work aimed to study the influence of endotoxicosis on the dynamics of indicators of the immune system of beef cows. The research was conducted on the Ukrainian black and spotted dairy breed beef cows. In cows with signs of endotoxicosis, clinical signs such as swelling of the external genital organs and mammary gland, anemia of the mucous membranes, depressed state, impaired appetite, and functional disorders of the antrum and intestines were characteristic. The main immunological tests characterizing the state of the immune system of beef cows are indicators of humoral immunity (bactericidal and lysozyme activity of blood serum), cellular immunity (T- and B-lymphocytes), indicators of non-specific resistance of the organism (phagocytic activity and phagocytic index). In beef cows with clinical manifestations of endotoxicosis, inhibition of cellular, humoral, and non-specific links of the immune system was established, which led to the development of the so-called secondary immunodeficiency. This is evidenced by a decrease in the bactericidal and lysozyme activity of blood serum, a decrease in the number of T- and B-lymphocytes, and a decrease in the phagocytic index and phagocytic activity of the blood of sick cows. In particular, it was established that the lowest indicator of bactericidal and lysozyme activity was observed in the 9th month of pregnancy in the experimental group of cows, where it decreased by 15.9 and 4.91 %, respectively, compared to the control. In the above study periods, a decrease in the phagocytic activity of neutrophils by 5.04 % and the phagocytic index by 33.3 % was established compared to the indicators of the control group. During the analysis of cellular immunity, similar changes were found in determining the number of T- and B-lymphocytes; they were lower by 12.5 % and 4.19 %, respectively. Changes in the indicators of the immune system are significant and objective markers of the state of the cow's body during the development of endotoxicosis, regardless of its causes

System of antioxidant protection of young cattle under cadmium load

It is known that free radical oxidation of lipids is an essential stage in the influence of heavy metals on the animal body. That is why the work aimed to investigate the indicators of the antioxidant system in young cattle under conditions of cadmium loading. For research, 15 clinically healthy six-month-old bulls of the black and spotted breed were selected, from which 3 groups of five animals were formed. The animals in the control group were on a regular diet. The animals of the experimental groups with compound feed were fed cadmium chloride in doses of 0.03 and 0.05 mg/kg of body weight. Feeding young cattle with cadmium chloride feed caused a decrease in the activity of the enzyme system of antioxidant protection of their body. These changes are confirmed by a decrease in their blood activity of superoxide dismutase by 31 %, catalase by 13.4 %, glutathione peroxidase by 23.2 %, glutathione reductase by 22.2 %, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase by 32.4 %, respectively. A decrease in the level of indicators of the non-enzymatic link of the system of antioxidant protection of the body of young cattle under cadmium load was also established, where, accordingly, a decrease in the content of reduced glutathione was established – by 10.4 %, selenium – by 14.8 %, vitamin A – by 31.3%, of vitamin E – by 30.8% in their blood compared to the control. It is worth noting that on the sixteenth and twenty-fourth days of the experiment, the lowest value of the enzymatic and non-enzymatic links of the antioxidant protection systems of young cattle under conditions of cadmium loading was observed. In the future, a practical scheme for preventing cadmium toxicosis in young cattle by studying indicators of the antioxidant system is planned

The influence of the feed additive “Metisevit” on the activity of the antioxi-dant defense system of piglets under conditions of nitrate-nitrite load

The work aimed to investigate the effect of the “Metisevit” feed additive on the activity of the enzymes of the antioxidant system of the blood of piglets under conditions of nitrate-nitrite load. The research was carried out on 60-day-old piglets of the large white breed. For the experiment, 10 clinically healthy piglets were selected, from which 2 groups of five animals were formed. Piglets of the control group were fed sodium nitrate at a dose of 0.3 g NO3-/kg body weight for three months. Piglets of the research group were also fed sodium nitrate at a dose of 0.3 g NO3-/kg of body weight, together with Metisevit at a dose of 0.36 g/kg of feed for three months. The “Metisevit” feed additive was developed at the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology of the Stepan Gzhytskyi National University of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology Lviv, which contains vitamin E, selenium, and methiphene (methionine, phenarone, zeolite). Under the conditions of feeding piglets with sodium nitrate feed at a dose of 0.3 g of NO3ˉ/kg, a decrease in the activity of enzymes of the antioxidant defense system was established: superoxide dismutase by 14.8 %, catalase by 20%, glutathione peroxidase by 15.1 %. Metisevit in piglets increased the activity of the enzyme link of the antioxidant protection system, preventing the development of oxidative stress that occurs in nitrate-nitrite toxicosis. During our experiments, it was found that the introduction of Metisevit into the diet of piglets with excessive consumption of nitrates prevented the development of chronic nitrate-nitrite toxicosis. It was established that Metisevit increases the activity of enzymes – superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. These enzymes reduce the high level of lipid peroxidation products in the body of piglets under conditions of nitrate-nitrite load

The influence of feed additive “Sylimevit” on indicators of the immune system of piglets at weaning

In the development of adaptive reactions during weaning, biological mechanisms are involved with the complete mobilization of the functional reserve, an increase in the level of catecholamines, corticosteroids, and mediators, which is accompanied by a violation of the nitrogen balance in the body, enzymopathy, and endotoxemia—the work aimed to investigate humoral and non-specific immunity indicators in piglets after weaning. Experiments were conducted based on the Ltd “KOSHET” of the Mukachiv district of the Zakarpattia region. Two groups of piglets were formed – control and experimental in the number of 10 individuals in each group, selected according to the principle of analogs – age, breed, and body weight. Weaning piglets from sows at 28 days suppress the humoral link of natural resistance. A decrease in lysocin and bactericidal activity of blood serum was established at 40.56 ± 1.75 and 21.22 ± 1.05 %. The content of circulating immune complexes in the blood of piglets of the control group remained high after weaning. Along with a decrease in the activity of the humoral link of immunity in weaned piglets, suppression of the non-specific link of the immune system was established, manifested by a decrease in phagocytic activity and a decrease in the number of phagocytes. Feeding the feed supplement “Sylimevit” to the piglets of the research group helped to strengthen the immune status of the piglets' bodies. In piglets of the research group on the 35th day of life, when feeding the feed additive “Sylimevit”, an increase in the phagocytic activity of neutrophils by 4.26 % was established. Similar differences were obtained regarding the effect of the Butaselmevit-plus feed additive on the phagocytic number and the phagocytic index, in particular, in piglets of the experimental group on the 35th day of the experiment; they were 7.63 and 11.1 % higher than in control. These research results confirm the effectiveness of using milk thistle, methifen, selenium, and vitamins as part of the feed supplement “Sylimevit” for piglets before and after weaning to activate the protective systems of their body

Динаміка вмісту імуноглобулінів у сироватці крові поросят за дії імуностимулювальних засобів

Inconsistency in housing and feeding conditions, production stress, a combination of environmental factors, and technological solutions reduce the protective properties of the animal body, which often leads to a decrease in their productive properties. The work aimed to investigate changes in indicators of the humoral protection factor, in particular, the quantitative composition of immunoglobulins M, G, and A in the body of young pigs under the influence of immunostimulating agents Globigen® Pig Doser and Globigen® Jump Start, which include specific Ig Y. To perform this task in the conditions of the private farm of FG PE "Glynyany Agro" of Lviv region, Zolochiv district, which uses a single-phase method of raising pigs, a study was conducted with the involvement of 36 piglets-analogues of crossbreeds of the Great White and Landrace breeds, which were formed into three groups of 12 animals each. Piglets of the control group were fed feed of a standard diet. The piglets of the first experimental group were orally administered 2 ml/g of Globigen®Pig Doser during the first three days after birth. Then, according to the technology, they consumed the feed prescribed in the diet. The piglets of the second experimental group were given Globigen®Jump Start, which was mixed with the feed of the basic ration in the amount of 2 kg per ton of feed and, starting from the age of 7 days, was fed to the piglets according to the technology. It was established that the use of immunostimulating agents was characterized by an increase in Ig G and Ig A in the blood serum of piglets in the most critical period of their lives. Thus, in the blood serum of 30-day-old piglets under the influence of Globigen® Pig Doser, with a high level of probability (Р < 0.01), an increase of this class of antibodies to the level of 13.47 mg/ml was detected, with the use of Globigen® Jump Start, this indicator reached the mark 12.51 mg/ml. Since this period, colostral immunity, represented by placental immunoglobulins of class G and colostrum immunoglobulins of class A, is already exhausted; we assume that the formation of the body's immune response of young pigs has begun. We believe that the increase in the content of class A immunoglobulins, most likely the secretory form of the piglets themselves, when using Globigen® Jump Start, which reached the mark of 1.48 mg/ml, indicates the formation of immune resistance mechanisms. The effectiveness, specificity, and mechanism of action of these agents is based on the ability of their components, particularly Ig Y, to bind to pathogens or their fragments, to neutralize and safely remove them from the body, which helps to increase the barrier function of the intestinal mucosa. The obtained research results confirm the practicality of using Globigen® Pig Doser and Globigen® Jump Start immunostimulants during single-phase rearing of piglets to increase the level of non-specific resistance and obtain healthy young animals with a high level of viability.Невідповідність умов утримання та годівлі, виробничі стреси, сукупність факторів навколишнього середовища та технологічних рішень знижують захисні властивості організму тварин, що нерідко призводить до зниження їх продуктивних властивостей. Метою роботи було дослідити зміни показників гуморального фактору захисту, зокрема кількісного складу імуноглобулінів M, G, А організму молодняку свиней за дії імуностимулювальних засобів Globigen® Pig Doser та Globigen® Jump Start, до складу яких входить специфічний Ig Y. Для виконання даного завдання в умовах приватного господарства ФГ ПП “Глиняни Агро” Львівської області Золочівського району, в якому використовується однофазний спосіб вирощування свиней, проведено дослідження із залученням 36 поросят-аналогів помісі порід Великої білої та Ландрас, які були сформовані у 3 групи по 12 тварин у кожній. Поросятам контрольної групи згодовували корм стандартного раціону. Поросятам першої дослідної групи протягом перших трьох діб після народження перорально задавали по 2 мл/гол засобу Globigen®Pig Doser, а потім, згідно з технологією, вони споживали передбачені раціоном корми. Поросятам другої дослідної групи задавали Globigen®Jump Start, який змішували з кормами основного раціону в кількості 2 кг на тонну корму і, починаючи із 7-денного віку, згодовували поросятам згідно з технологією. Встановлено, що застосування імуностимулювальних засобів характеризувалось зростанням вмісту Ig G та Ig А в сироватці крові поросят у найкритичніший період їхнього життя. Так, у сироватці крові 30-добових поросят за дії Globigen® Pig Doser з високим рівнем вірогідності (Р < 0,01) виявлено зростання цього класу антитіл до рівня 13,47 мг/мл, за використання Globigen® Jump Start цей показник сягнув позначки 12,51 мг/мл. Оскільки в цей період колостральний імунітет, який представлений плацентарними імуноглобулінами класу G та молозивними імуноглобулінами класу А, вже вичерпується, припускаємо, що почалось формування власної імунної відповіді організму молодняку свиней. Вважаємо, що збільшення вмісту імуноглобулінів класу А, найімовірніше секреторної форми організму самих поросят, за використання Globigen® Jump Start, який сягнув позначки 1,48 мг/мл, вказує на формування механізмів імунного опору. Ефективність, специфічність та механізм дії даних засобів ґрунтується на здатності їх складників, зокрема Ig Y, зв’язуючись із патогенами або їхніми фрагментами, нейтралізувати та безпечно виводити з організму, що сприяє збільшенню бар’єрної функцію слизової оболонки кишківника. Одержані результати досліджень підтверджують доцільність застосування імуностимулювальних засобів Globigen® Pig Doser та Globigen® Jump Start за однофазного вирощування поросят для підвищення рівня неспецифічної резистентності та одержання здорового молодняку з високим рівнем життєздатності

Рівень продуктів пероксидного окиснення ліпідів у крові поросят за дії кормової добавки “Силімевіт”

Intensive pig breeding has been reported in the literature to suggest that early weaning of piglets from sows is an extreme stimulus that reduces the protective and adaptive responses of piglets. That is why the aim of the study was to study the effect of the feed additive “Sylimevit” on the level of lipid peroxidation products of piglets after weaning. Two groups of piglets were formed – control and experimental in the amount of 10 individuals in each group, selected on the principle of analogs – age, breed and body weight. During the weaning period, the piglets were kept under the sow in special machines, had constant access to the mother, and from the age of 5 days – free access to concentrated feed. While feeding of animals was carried out in accordance with the norms for a given age of pigs. Prior to the study, a clinical and physiological examination of the piglets was performed. Their general condition and activity when eating food were taken into account. On the 28th day of life, the piglets were weaned from the sow and regrouped from different nests in order to be further maintained during the period of fattening and rearing with a change in the structure of the diet, which served as technological stress for the animals. From the age of 5 days, piglets of all groups were fed pre-starter feed. Piglets of the experimental group, from 21 to 40 days of age, were additionally fed the feed supplement “Sylimevit” at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight per day. The technological stress of weaning piglets from sows is accompanied by a gradual probable intensification of lipid peroxidation processes. Feeding Sylimevit feed to piglets after weaning helped to reduce the content of intermediate and final products of lipid peroxidation: lipid hydroperoxides – by 52 % (P < 0.001) and TBA-active products – by 22.5 % (P < 0.01). Thus, feeding the piglets of the experimental group of the feed additive “Sylimevit” helped to suppress the processes of lipid peroxidation in animals. Thus, the results of the use of feed additive “Sylimevit” in weaned piglets showed a pronounced antioxidant effect. The components of the feed additive directly interacted with reactive oxygen species and free radicals, preventing the development of oxidative stress.При інтенсивному веденні свинарства з повідомлень в літературі відомо, що раннє відлучення поросят від свиноматок є екстремальним подразником, який спричиняє зниження захисно-пристосувальних реакцій організму поросят. Саме тому метою проведених досліджень було вивчити вплив кормової добавки “Силімевіт” на рівень продуктів пероксидного окиснення ліпідів організму поросят після відлучення. Було сформовано дві групи поросят – контрольну і дослідну в кількості 10 особин у кожній групі, підібраних за принципом аналогів – віком, породою і масою тіла. У підсисний період поросята утримувалися під свиноматкою у спеціальних станках, мали постійний доступ до матері, а з 5-добового віку – вільний доступ до концентрованих кормів. Годівля тварин проводилась відповідно до норм для даного віку свиней. Перед проведенням досліджень здійснювали клінічно-фізіологічне обстеження поголів’я поросят. Враховували їхній загальний стан та активність при поїданні корму. На 28 добу життя поросят відлучали від свиноматки та перегруповували з різних гнізд з метою подальшого утримання у період відгодівлі та дорощування зі зміною структури раціону, що слугувало технологічним стресом для організму тварин. Починаючи з 5-добового віку поросят усіх груп підгодовували престартерним комбікормом. Поросятам дослідної групи, починаючи з 21- до 40-добового віку, додатково згодовували кормову добавку “Силімевіт” у дозі 100 мг/кг маси тіла на добу. Технологічний стрес відлучення поросят від свиноматок супроводжується поетапним вірогідним посиленням процесів пероксидного окиснення ліпідів. Згодовування кормової добавки “Силімевіт” поросятам після відлучення сприяло зниженню вмісту проміжних і кінцевих продуктів пероксидного окиснення ліпідів: гідроперекисів ліпідів – на 52 % (Р < 0,001) і ТБК-активних продуктів – на 22,5 % (Р < 0,01). Отже, згодовування поросятам дослідної групи кормової добавки “Силімевіт” сприяло пригніченню процесів пероксидного окиснення ліпідів в організмі тварин. Таким чином, результати застосування кормової добавки “Силімевіт” поросятам при відлученні показали виражену антиоксидантну дію. Складники кормової добавки безпосередньо взаємодіяли з активними формами кисню та вільними радикалами, запобігаючи розвитку оксидаційного стресу

THIOFLAVIN T BINDING TO THE MODEL FIBRILS OF LYSOZYME: THE EFFECTS OF FIBRIL TWISTING

Amyloid fibrils are highly ordered insoluble protein aggregates that are involved in molecular etiology of a number of severe disorders, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson’s and prion’s diseases, some types of systemic amyloidosis, etc. One of the most effective approaches to detecting the amyloid fibrils is based on monitoring the spectral behavior of specific fluorescent dye Thioflavin T (ThT). Using the molecular docking and molecular dynamics tools, such as PatchDock, FireDock, CreateFibril and GROMACS, the model of twisted K-peptide fibril that supposedly represent the core region of lysozyme amyloid fibrils, has been constructed and analyzed. The effect of fibril twisting angle on the binding characteristics of ThT has been evaluated. The results obtained strongly suggest that ThT specificity for the twisted ribbon fibril polymorphs is primarily determined by the curvature effects rather than amino acid composition of fibril grooveswhich accomodate ThT molecule

EFFECT OF AMYLOID FIBRILS ON ELECTROKINETIC PROPERTIES OF LIPID VESICLES

The influence of the lysozyme and serum albumin in their native and amyloid forms on the electrokinetic behavior of the negatively charged uni- and multilamellar liposomes from the zwitterionic lipid phosphatidylcholine and anionic lipid cardiolipin has been investigated using the microelectrophoresis technique. The zeta - potential, the surface electrostatic potential and surface charge density of the lipid vesicles have been determined upon varying the lipid-to-protein molar ratio. The complex dependencies of the electrophoretic mobility on the protein concentration and reversal of the surface charge observed for the multilamellar vesicles have been explained by the multilayer protein adsorption on the liposomal surface. It has been found that the native and fibrillar proteins differ in their ability to modify the charge state of the model membranes