Clinical outcomes associated with coadministration of lopinavir/ritonavir-based ART and rifampicin-containing TB treatment.

<p>T-test, Chi-square, and Fisher’s tests used for comparisons, * p<0.05.</p

Baseline characteristics of patients at initiation of lopinavir/ritonavir-based second line ART, according to treatment group.

<p>Baseline characteristics of patients at initiation of lopinavir/ritonavir-based second line ART, according to treatment group.</p

Kaplan-Meier survival curve for the impact of lopinavir/ritonavir dosing strategy among patients with HIV/TB coinfection on time until treatment discontinuation.

<p>Kaplan-Meier survival curve for the impact of lopinavir/ritonavir dosing strategy among patients with HIV/TB coinfection on time until treatment discontinuation.</p

Simulation results during ENF re-administration.

<p>Plasma HIV-1 RNA level (a–e), and V38A mutant virus proportion (f–j), for different V38A mutant virus fitness costs (a,f), initial V38A mutant virus proportion (b,g), initial T cell counts (c,h), T cell source rate (d,i) and ENF efficacy against ENF-resistant virus (e,j). Parameters used are the average values in <a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1001012#pcbi-1001012-t003" target="_blank">Table 3</a>.</p

Dynamics during ENF interruption.

<p>(a) Wild-type (green) and ENF-resistant (red) HIV-1, (b) the total plasma viral load (blue), and (c) CD4⁺ T cells (blue), predicted by the model using estimated parameters (solid curve) and experimentally observed data (•).</p

Dynamics during ENF re-administration after interruption.

<p>(a) wild-type (green) and ENF-resistant (red) HIV-1, (b) the total plasma viral load (blue), and (c) CD4⁺ T cells (blue), predicted by the model using estimated parameters (solid curve) and experimentally observed data (•).</p

Ichneumon circumflexus

<p>The 95% confidence intervals obtained by 200 bootstrap replicates for parameter estimates in <a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1001012#pcbi-1001012-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p

Estimated parameters during ENF re-administration after interruption.

<p>Estimated parameters during ENF re-administration after interruption.</p

Simulation results during ENF interruption.

<p>Plasma HIV-1 RNA level (a–d), and V38A mutant virus proportion (e–h), for different V38A mutant virus fitness costs (a,e), initial V38A mutant virus proportion (b,f), initial T cell counts (c,g) and T cell source rate (d,h). Parameters used are the average values of P1, P2, P3 in <a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1001012#pcbi-1001012-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p

CD4 count and the proportion of uninfected and infected cells.

<p>(a) Predicted temporal variation of the CD4 count during ENF interruption (red) and with ENF re-administration (green). Parameters used are the average values in <a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1001012#pcbi-1001012-t001" target="_blank">Tables 1</a> and <a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1001012#pcbi-1001012-t003" target="_blank">3</a>. The vertical dashed line indicates the time of ENF re-administration. (b) Bar diagram showing the percentage change of CD4 count at the end of one year without ENF (red) and at the end of 3 months with ENF re-administration (green). (c) Change over time of the proportion of uninfected cells, <i>T</i> (blue), cells infected with drug-sensitive virus, <i>I_s</i> (green), and cells infected with drug-resistant virus, <i>I_r</i> (red). The vertical dashed line indicates the time of ENF re-administration.</p