Productive response of lambs fed Crescentia alata and Guazuma ulmifolia fruits in a tropical region of Mexico

polyethylene glycol (PEG) of the fruits of Crescentia alata and Guazuma ulmifolia was evaluated, the degradation kinetics of lamb diets with added fruit of the tree was determined, and the ration intake and growth rate of lambs fed these diets were measured. Twenty-five entire male lambs of 23.5± 0.44 kg body weight were used and distributed in treatments: T0 (control without fruit); T1 and T2, 15 and 30 % of the fruit of C. alata; and T3 and T4, 15 and 30 % of the fruit of G. ulmifoli

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF LEGUMINOUS TREE FOLIAGE AND EFFECT OF POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL ON GAS PRODUCTION AND IN VITRO DIGESTION PARAMETERS

The objective was to determine the chemical composition, digestibility and in vitro digestion parameters in ten legume tree foliage using the in vitro gas-production method with and without polyethylene glycol (PEG). The foliages with higher protein content (P<0.001) (167.1 to 180.3 g/kg DM) were A. cochliacantha, L. esculenta, E. cyclocarpum and A. farnesiana; from the total phenols (P<0.001) (365.9 to 680.6 g/kg DM) L. divaricata, H. brasiletto and C. coriaria and condensed tannins (P<0.001) (35.4 to 88.0 g/kg DM) E. cyclocarpum, A. farnesiana, P. dulce, P. acatlense and G. sepium. The in vitro dry matter digestibility was different (P<0.001) among the foliages. The in vitro gas production (IVGP), in vitro organic matter digestibility, metabolizable energy (ME), gas yield (GY24h), short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and microbial mass production (PMM), were different (P<0.0001) among the foliage as a result of the species. The use of PEG increased (P<0.0001) IVGP, ME, GY24h and SCFA in H brasiletto, C. coriaria, L. esculenta and A. cochliacantha, but affect (P<0.0001) the partition factor and the PMM. The nutritional composition and fermentation parameters in vitro between foliages differ by effect of tree and use of PEG. It is concluded that chemical composition in the foliages affect the digestibility and fermentation parameters and use of PEG increased fermentation parameters in the foliages high in secondary compounds

Post-ejaculation incubation of semen as a method to alter the sex ratio of offspring obtained by artificial insemination in rabbits

In mammals, the sex ratio under natural conditions is 50% female and 50% male. However, this ratio can be altered by some methods. The application of warmth (42ºC) to the scrotum has an effect on the functioning of spermatozoa within the epididymis and modifies the sex ratio of offspring obtained through natural mating. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of post-ejaculation incubation temperature (42ºC or 30ºC) on the sex ratio of offspring obtained by artificial insemination. Each ejaculate was diluted and divided into two equal aliquots (0.5mL), one of which was incubated at 42ºC and the other at 37ºC for 30min. The sperm motility and viability at 42ºC was 87.3% and 89.4%, and at 37ºC, 88.2 and 75.5%, respectively. When artificial insemination was performed using semen incubated at 42ºC and 37ºC, 6.38, and 7.83 connies were born per litter, respectively. The sex ratio of offspring when sperm was incubated at 42ºC was 56.2% females and 43.7% males, while for semen incubated at 37ºC it was 52.6% females and 47.4% males. In conclusion, incubation of semen post ejaculation at 42ºC for 30 min could be used to favor the birth of female offspring through artificial insemination

Conservation of ram semen at 5 ºC using medium supplemented with 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0 mM of reduced glutathione

The experiment was carried out to determine the most recommendable concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH) to be used during refrigeration of ram semen at 5 °C. Each of a total of 12 ejaculates from two Pelibuey rams was divided into four aliquots corresponding to the GSH concentrations evaluated (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 5 mM), which were stored under refrigeration (5 °C) for 24 h. Evaluation of motility and viability was performed at 0, 1, 2 and 24 h of storage. At 24 h, sperm motility was also evaluated at 37 °C (reactivation). At 0, 1 and 2 h of storage there were no significant differences in sperm motility among the different concentrations of GSH. At 24 h, the concentration of 5 mM resulted in the highest (p &lt;0.05) sperm motility (29.22%) and the highest (p &lt;0.05) percentage of mobility during the reactivation (80.29%). As for viability, at 24 h of storage, the samples diluted with 5 mM GSH had 81.44% live spermatozoa. It is concluded that the activity of GSH as an antioxidant and protector during storage at 5 °C is dependent on concentration and storage time

Efecto de la temperatura de incubación sobre la motilidad de las subpoblaciones de Fasciola hepatica/Eect of incubation temperature on motility of Fasciola hepatica miracidia

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la motilidad de miracidios de Fasciola hepatica a diferentes temperaturas de incubación y tiempo post-eclosión. Los huevos de F. hepatica se incubaron a 22 ◦C y 25 ◦C durante 14 d en oscuridad. Se evaluaron siete subpoblaciones bajo los parámetros de velocidad curvilínea, lineal y media por 10 h después de la eclosión. No se observaron diferencias signicativas entre la temperatura de incubación y el porcentaje de huevos eclosionados. El porcentaje de miracidios de la incubación a 22 ◦C fue diferente estadísticamente a la de 25 ◦C (p < 0.01). Para la velocidad lineal y media, la mayor proporción de subpoblaciones de miracidios eclosionados se observó a las 0 h, en el rango de 2 190 a 2 545 µm s−1 ; mientras que para la velocidad curvilínea se observó la mayor proporción en el rango de 1 820 a 2 190 µm s−1 . Se observaron diferencias signicativas entre el porcentaje de miracidios de las subpoblaciones y el tiempo post-eclosión de los huevos. La velocidad lineal y media de las subpoblaciones de miracidios mostraron diferencias en las temperaturas de incubación (p < 0.01). Los datos sugieren que la temperatura de incubación de los huevos de F. hepatica tiene efecto en la motilidad del miracidio, lo que puede inuir en la infectividad

Density and integral use evaluation of three leguminous trees in silvopastoral systems in the tropic of Guerrero, Mexico

In the Tropic of Guerrero Mexico the distribution, the density and uses of trees Pithecellobium dulce Roxb Benth, Gliricidia sepium (Jacq) Steud, Haematoxilum brasiletto Karst were studied and its foliage was added to the diets of kids and productive response and apparent digestibility was measured. The livestock farmers have six complementary uses (firewood, poles, shade, medicinal, human consumption and artisanal). The species were identified in live fences and scattered in paddocks with densities of 4.87 trees per 100 linear meters and 1.79 trees ha-1; P. dulce was the largest size and identified from 250 to 1332 masl. The ashes (P&lt;0.0001) and detergent fibre (P&lt;0.01) of P. dulce (T1) had higher apparent digestibility. The feed conversion and daily weight gain of the kids were different due to the effect of foliage trees. The rectal temperature was only affected (P&lt;0.0001) by the time of evaluation. The ruminal pH of kids was affected by time evaluation (P&lt;0.0001) and the treatments (P&lt;0.0003). It is concluded that the density of trees is low and could be of impact on soil fertility and the contribution of biomass for animal feed; the apparent digestibility of diets and productive response were more efficient in the animals fed with P. dulce (T1

Efecto del diluyente sobre calidad espermática del semen ovino refrigerado

Keeping the semen refrigerated allows it to be used for a longer time after obtaining the ejaculate. The objective of this work was to assess the effect of the type of sperm on sperm quality (motility, viability and acrosomal integrity) of refrigerated ovine semen. Four English Suffolk sheep with an average age of two years, weight and similar body condition were used. Semen was extracted once a week with an artificial vagina. After obtaining the ejaculates, the sperm quality was evaluated, the extenders were added and it was refrigerated at a temperature of 4°C. Motility, viability and acrosomal damage were assessed at 0, 2, 4 and 24 hours. It was found that the pH did not change during the 24 hours in the three diluents. Motility and viability were better in the triladyl base diluent for the duration of the experiment. However, the acrosomal integrity was better in the first two diluents. In conclusion, it can be said that the triladyl-based extender can present an alternative for refrigerated storage of ovine semen.La conservación del semen en refrigeración, permite utilizarlo por más tiempo después de la obtención del eyaculado. El objetivo de este trabajo fue valorar el efecto del tipo de sobre la calidad espermática (motilidad, viabilidad e integridad acrosomal) del semen ovino refrigerado. Se utilizaron cuatro borregos de raza Suffolk Inglés con una edad promedio de dos años, peso y condición corporal similar, se les extrajo semen una vez por semana con vagina artificial. Tras la obtención de los eyaculados, se evaluó la calidad espermática, se adicionaron los diluyentes y se refrigeró a una temperatura de 4° C. Se valoró motilidad, viabilidad y daño acrosomal a las&nbsp; 0, 2, 4 y 24 horas. Se encontró que el pH, no varío durantes las 24 horas en los tres diluyentes. La motilidad y viabilidad fueron mejores en el diluyente base triladyl durante la duración del experimento. Sin embargo, la integridad acrosomal fue mejor en los dos primeros diluyentes. En conclusión, se puede decir que el diluyente a base de triladyl, puede presentar una alternativa para la conservación del semen ovino en refrigeración

Fertilidade de ovelhas Katahdin inseminadas laparoscopicamente com sêmen refrigerado ou criopreservado nos trópicos

El objetivo del estudio fue comparar la fertilidad seminal y taza de preñes en un hato de ovinos katahdin mediante inseminación laparoscópica con semen refrigerado y congelado en ambiente tropical, fueron utilizados el reproductor y veinte vientres de la raza katahdin. Se realizaron dos evaluaciones para valorar la calidad del semen de acuerdo con sus características macroscópicas y microscópicas y las hembras fueron sincronizadas con dispositivos intravaginales con 0.3 g de progesterona natural (CIDR®, Zoetis), más una dosis de 400 UI de gonadotropina coriónica humana (GCH). La fertilidad fue mayor (p&lt; 0,05) (30% de preñez) en borregas inseminadas con semen congelado, comparada al 20% de preñez en las inseminadas con semen frío. Las variables de fertilidad seminal evaluadas demostraron que el semen en el semental katahdin en ambiente tropical fue de buena calidad para su manipulación en la práctica de la inseminación artificial. El grupo racial de los animales utilizados respondieron satisfactoriamente a la sincronización y el semen estuvo dentro de los parámetros establecidos para la especie además toleró la manipulación, en cuanto a la inseminación por laparoscopía, es una técnica de cruzamiento poco diseminada en la región, sin embargo, el estudio desarrollado sugiere mayor investigación para aportar conocimientos suficientes para fortalecer el procedimiento y con ello incrementar la concepción en ovejas servidasThe objective of the study was to compare the semen fertility and pregnancy rate in a katahdin sheep herd by laparoscopic insemination with refrigerated and frozen semen in a tropical environment. The breeder and twenty bellies of the katahdin breed were used. Two evaluations were performed to assess the quality of the semen according to its macroscopic and microscopic characteristics and the females were synchronized with intravaginal devices with 0.3 g of natural progesterone (CIDR®, Zoetis), plus a dose of 400 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). Fertility was higher (p&lt; 0.05) (30% pregnancy) in ewes inseminated with frozen semen, compared to 20% pregnancy in those inseminated with cold semen. The evaluated seminal fertility variables demonstrated that the semen in katahdin stallions in a tropical environment is of good quality for handling in the practice of artificial insemination. It is concluded that the breed group of the animals used responded satisfactorily to the synchronization and the semen was within the parameters established for the species, it also tolerated the manipulation, in terms of insemination by laparoscopy, it is a crossbreeding technique that is not widely disseminated in the region however, the study developed suggests further research to provide sufficient knowledge to strengthen the procedure and thereby increase conception in ewes bred.O objetivo do estudo foi comparar a fertilidade seminal e a taxa de prenhez em um rebanho de ovelhas katahdin por meio de inseminação laparoscópica com sêmen refrigerado e congelado em ambiente tropical, foram utilizados o reprodutor e vinte úteros da raça katahdin. Foram realizadas duas avaliações para avaliar a qualidade do sêmen de acordo com suas características macroscópicas e microscópicas, e as fêmeas foram sincronizadas com dispositivos intravaginais com 0,3 g de progesterona natural (CIDR®, Zoetis), mais uma dose de 400 UI de gonadotrofina coriônica humana (HCG) . A fertilidade foi maior (p&lt; 0,05) (30% de prenhez) em ovelhas inseminadas com sêmen congelado, em comparação com 20% de prenhez naquelas inseminadas com sêmen frio. As variáveis ​​de fertilidade seminal avaliadas demonstraram que o sêmen do garanhão katahdin em ambiente tropical era de boa qualidade para sua manipulação na prática da inseminação artificial. O grupo racial dos animais utilizados respondeu satisfatoriamente à sincronização e o sêmen estava dentro dos parâmetros estabelecidos para a espécie, também tolerou a manipulação, no que diz respeito à inseminação por laparoscopia, é uma técnica de cruzamento pouco difundida na região, porém , o estudo desenvolvido sugere novas pesquisas para fornecer conhecimento suficiente para fortalecer o procedimento e, assim, aumentar a concepção em ovelhas criadas

Actores de la cadena productiva que deben participar para prevenir el uso de clembuterol en la engorda del ganado bovino en México

El clembuterol, Químicamente se describe como polvo blanco, anhidro, muy soluble en agua y altamente estable a temperatura ambiente, su punto de fusión es de 174 a 175.5 ºC. También es un derivado sintético perteneciente a una clase de medicamentos análogos fisiológicamente a la adrenalina, tiene la capacidad de interactuar con receptores adrenérgicos,  generalmente  del  tipo  ß2    (β  agonista),  es  uno  de  los  modificadores metabólicos más conocido en el área de producción de carne, debido al alto grado residual que deja esta sustancia en los tejidos comestibles y sus posibles repercusiones en la salud pública. En este trabajo, se describen los principales actores de la cadena productiva en la engorda  de  ganado  que  deben  participar  para  prevenir  el  uso  de  clembuterol.  La información fue recopilada de información científicas y publicaciones de las autoridades competentes, tales como: SENASICA, SAGARPA, COFEPRIS y Ley Federal de Sanidad Animal

Effect of Oxidative Stress on Sperm Cells

Free radicals are unstable molecules that have an unpaired electron in their last orbital, which makes them highly unstable agents. In medicine, it has been discovered that they play an important role in cell signaling and without them some cells such as leukocytes or sperm could not perform their biological functions. To protect itself from these oxidizing agents, the cell has a defense system based on antioxidants; however, when this balance is lost and oxidizing agents exceed the cellular antioxidant capacity, the cell enters oxidative stress, which affects cellular components such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, amino acids, and carbohydrates, among others. In the case of spermatozoa, due to their high metabolic rate, they produce large quantities of oxygen reactive species (ROS), decreasing sperm motility, alterations in cytoplasmic components, modifications in genetic material, or sperm death. In this chapter, a review is made of a brief history of how the toxicity of oxygen and free radicals was discovered, the oxidative stress in cells, and the effect of oxidative stress in the cytoplasmic sperm membrane, in the spermatic mitochondria, in the spermatic acrosome, in the sperm DNA, and in the fertility of the female and the male