Impressions of a Female Political Candidate Based on Political Party Affiliation

There is a gender gap in United States politics; men are over represented, and prioritize issues/policies differently compared with women. Stereotypes may be associated depending on group memberships. Stereotypes of men (competent) are consistent and stereotypes of women (warm) are inconsistent with politicians (competent). I examined stereotypes of major/non-major political parties, and how party affiliation affects whether stereotypes about men/male politicians/women/female politicians predict female politicians’ traits. Stereotype valence ascribed to political parties is important because people vote for a positively viewed party/representative. I assessed the strength and valence of stereotypes associated with political parties, and found major parties were viewed more positively than non-major parties, and the Democratic and Republican parties were viewed more positively than the Independent Party (Study 1). I found warmth and competence attributes ascribed to women/female politicians/men/male politicians predicted Karen Johnson’s warmth and competence depending on whether Karen Johnson was a major or non-major party candidate. When men/male politicians were perceived as competent Karen Johnson was perceived as competent, but no relationship between men/male politicians’ warmth and Karen Johnson’s warmth emerged. When women/female politicians were perceived as warm/competent, Karen Johnson was perceived as warm/competent. As a major candidate, Karen Johnson was perceived as warm/competent when women/female politicians were perceived as warm/competent. However, when Karen Johnson was a non-major candidate, there was no relationship between women’s competence and Karen Johnson’s competence, and when women/female politicians were perceived as warm, Karen Johnson was perceived as warm (Study 2). Women in office and members of multiple social groups are discussed

Integration of Two Diploid Potato Linkage Maps with the Potato Genome Sequence

To facilitate genome-guided breeding in potato, we developed an 8303 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) marker array using potato genome and transcriptome resources. To validate the Infinium 8303 Potato Array, we developed linkage maps from two diploid populations (DRH and D84) and compared these maps with the assembled potato genome sequence. Both populations used the doubled monoploid reference genotype DM1-3 516 R44 as the female parent but had different heterozygous diploid male parents (RH89-039-16 and 84SD22). Over 4,400 markers were mapped (1,960 in DRH and 2,454 in D84, 787 in common) resulting in map sizes of 965 (DRH) and 792 (D84) cM, covering 87% (DRH) and 88% (D84) of genome sequence length. Of the mapped markers, 33.5% were in candidate genes selected for the array, 4.5% were markers from existing genetic maps, and 61% were selected based on distribution across the genome. Markers with distorted segregation ratios occurred in blocks in both linkage maps, accounting for 4% (DRH) and 9% (D84) of mapped markers. Markers with distorted segregation ratios were unique to each population with blocks on chromosomes 9 and 12 in DRH and 3, 4, 6 and 8 in D84. Chromosome assignment of markers based on linkage mapping differed from sequence alignment with the Potato Genome Sequencing Consortium (PGSC) pseudomolecules for 1% of the mapped markers with some disconcordant markers attributable to paralogs. In total, 126 (DRH) and 226 (D84) mapped markers were not anchored to the pseudomolecules and provide new scaffold anchoring data to improve the potato genome assembly. The high degree of concordance between the linkage maps and the pseudomolecules demonstrates both the quality of the potato genome sequence and the functionality of the Infinium 8303 Potato Array. The broad genome coverage of the Infinium 8303 Potato Array compared to other marker sets will enable numerous downstream applications

Ain\u27t She a Woman? How Warmth and Competence Stereotypes about Women and Female Politicians Contribute to the Warmth and Competence Traits Ascribed to Individual Female Politicians

Hillary Clinton was the first woman nominated for President by a major political party in the United States. Like most women in politics, she faced negative evaluations, in part, due to the inconsistency between the traits typically associated with leaders (competence) versus women (warmth). Because understanding the categorization of an individual female politician is essential to the development of successful bias interventions, we examined the extent to which Hillary Clinton and a novel female politician were categorized as women versus female politicians. In three studies we investigated how the warmth and competence stereotypes associated with women and female politicians contributed to the warmth and competence traits associated with Hillary Clinton and a novel female political candidate. Consistent with a subtyping account, the warmth and competence stereotypes associated with female politicians, but not women, predicted Hillary Clinton\u27s warmth and competence traits (Studies 1–3). However, consistent with a subgrouping account, the warmth and competence stereotypes associated with both women and female politicians predicted a novel female politician\u27s warmth and competence traits (Study 3). Implications for bias reduction interventions are discussed

Distribution of mapped markers in DRH, D84 and the Infinium 8303 Potato Array.

<p>Distribution of mapped markers in DRH, D84 and the Infinium 8303 Potato Array.</p

Summary of disconcordant markers for each of the mapping populations.

z<p>Chromosome as determined by the pseudomolecules generated by the Potato Genome Sequencing Consortium.</p>y<p>SNP c2_37964 mapped to two pseudomolecule locations which were both disconcordant with the linkage map positions in DRH and D84 and is therefore included twice in this table.</p>x<p>Based on the number of segregating markers per chromosome.</p

Comparison of markers mapped in two diploid populations, DRH and D84.

z<p>Includes co-segregating markers plus mapped markers; 14 ungrouped markers and their 15 co-segregating markers from population DRH were not included in this list.</p>y<p>Length spanned by the northern- and southern-most markers.</p>x<p>Total length.</p

Position and size of blocks with distorted segregation.

<p>Position and size of blocks with distorted segregation.</p

Graph of chromosome 10 (D84) showing the genetic location (cM) and the physical position (Mb) of 98 markers, and the estimated local recombination.

<p><b>A.</b> Chromosome 10 from population D84 demonstrating poor concordance between physical and genetic position. <b>B.</b> Chromosome 10 from population D84 after correcting the order and orientation of the superscaffolds in the pseudomolecules.</p

Graphs of DRH SNP marker position (cM) vs. D84 SNP marker position (cM) for all 12 potato chromosomes.

<p>Graphs of DRH SNP marker position (cM) vs. D84 SNP marker position (cM) for all 12 potato chromosomes.</p