Effect of preservative in the physicochemical stability of cosmetic products based on natural resources from Costa Rican flora

A problem of rural women in Latin America is the poor access to economic resources; a solution we propose is to implement a collaborative model, where are used natural resources in the area for production of value added products such as cosmetics products,to improve their living conditions. Objective: This paper concerns the evaluation of the physicochemical stability of hair cosmetics based on natural resources of the Costa Rican flora. Methodology: cosmetic products were developed based on Carica papaya,Ananascomosus, and others from the area, equally developed stability testing at 25 ° C and 40 ° C for six months following the guidelines of ANVISA, and quality control which were adapted for reproduction on the production site. Results: Formulations designed contain at least 80% of natural excipients, but preservatives exclude parabens derivatives or other similar substances, also were quantified their physicochemical properties such as viscosity, specific gravity and pH, in different storage conditions during the time of the present study.Using ANOVA,was analyzed thedata. Conclusions: the study revealed that the formulations are stable for at least one year under the conditions of no more than 30°C and protected from light packaging, and achieved the respective health registry that allowed the marketing of the product.Universidad de Costa Rica/[]/UCR/Costa RicaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias de la Salud::Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacéuticas (INIFAR

Electrospun nanofibers: A nanotechnological approach for drug delivery and dissolution optimization in poorly water-soluble drugs

Electrospinning is a novel and sophisticated technique for the production of nanofibers with high surface area, extreme porous structure, small pore size, and surface morphologies that make them suitable for biomedical and bioengineering applications, which can provide solutions to current drug delivery issues of poorly water-soluble drugs. Electrospun nanofibers can be obtained through different methods asides from the conventional one, such as coaxial, multi-jet, side by side, emulsion, and melt electrospinning. In general, the application of an electric potential to a polymer solution causes a charged liquid jet that moves downfield to an oppositely charged collector, where the nanofibers are deposited. Plenty of polymers that differ in their origin, degradation character and water affinity are used during the process. Physicochemical properties of the drug, polymer(s), and solvent systems need to be addressed to guarantee successful manufacturing. Therefore, this review summarizes the recent progress in electrospun nanofibers for their use as a nanotechnological tool for dissolution optimization and drug delivery systems for poorly water-soluble drugs.</p

Ginsenosides and other Phytochemicals of Panax spp. Properties and uses in the pharmaceutical field

Introduction: Ginseng has been used since ancient times, for its medicinal properties. This plant comes from the genus Panax, and the most representative species are Panax quinquefolium, Panax ginseng, and Panax notoginseng. Methods: In this research, database, books and scientific articles were reviewed from 1999 to 2019, using the following descriptors: Panax, ginsenosides and adaptogens. Results: These plants active components are saponins, known as ginsenosides, and can be classified according to their chemical structure. These are found in different proportions according to the different Panax species. Conclusion: Ginseng is used due to its adaptogenic properties. It also can be used to treat cardiovascular and neurological diseases and to counteract inflammation, cancer, and sexual impotence. Finally, some adverse effects are presented, and formulations containing ginseng are detailed.UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias de la Salud::Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacéuticas (INIFAR)UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Salud::Facultad de Farmaci

Determination of the Impact Caused by Direct Compression on the Crystalline State of Rupatadine Fumarate 10 mg Tablets

The aim of this study is to determine the impact caused by direct compression on the crystalline state of two prototypes of Rupatadine fumarate 10 mg tablets. The tablets were manufactured through direct compression. Five grams powdered tablets samples were taken randomly for analysis through DSC, TGA and XRD. The results were analyzed by making a comparison between their crystalline characterization and the one shown by the active pharmaceutical ingredient, excipients, the placebo and the powdered formula before compression. The active pharmaceutical ingredient showed a melting point at 201.38 °C, which decreased 2 – 3 °C in the tablets’ thermograms. Placebos presented an endotherm at 228 °C characteristic of amorphous lactose’s melting point. The only thermal change presented between the tablets and the other samples is the crystallization of amorphous lactose around 172 – 176 °C. X-ray diffractograms showed an increased intensity for the peaks of α - lactose monohydrate after compression and no changes regarding the active pharmaceutical ingredient. The comparison done between the analyses, confirmed that compression didn’t impact the crystalline state of Rupatadine fumarate. However mechanical treatment and the influence of the excipients caused the fusion peak to shift towards lower temperatures. Lactose’s crystal lattice suffered the greatest impact caused by compression, which generated the crystallization of the amorphous region present in that raw material. Nevertheless, such modification doesn’t alter the prototypes’ aptitude for being developed into a final solid pharmaceutical form and it is not a situation that affects the product’s quality.UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias de la Salud::Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacéuticas (INIFAR

Design of Experiments for the Establishment of the Dissolution Test Conditions of Rupatadine Fumarate 10 mg tablets

Design of Experiments (DoE) is a statistical model that aims to determine if the factors under study affect the response, and if so, it determines the conditions under which this variable of interest can be optimized. In terms of pharmaceutical technology, independent variables are usually factors of the formulation, while dependent variables are properties of the product or parameters that indicate the performance of the process. Precisely, the dissolution test is a tool of interest for the developers of medicines since it allows them to evaluate the performance of a formulation designed in a solid pharmaceutical form, such as tablets. The present investigation used the design of experiments to establish and optimize the conditions of the dissolution test of a 10 mg Rupatadine fumarate tablets formulation, resulting in the use of HCl 0,1 N (pH 1) dissolution medium and a rotation speed of 100 rpm for the apparatus II USP, which allow the analysis of the product in a reproducible and reliable way.UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias de la Salud::Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacéuticas (INIFAR

Identification of rupatadine fumarate polymorphic crystalline forms in pharmaceutical raw materials

Polymorphism analysis of pharmaceutical raw materials is considered one of the most relevant evaluations that should be done. As we know, different crystal forms from the same molecule have differences in terms of their physicochemical properties. According to the crystal form used, researchers can obtain benefits for the development of a new product or it can also imply a disadvantage for the formulation of the product. The present study focuses on the identification of crystalline forms in Rupatadine Fumarate raw material samples. The active pharmaceutical ingredient is an antihistaminic, classified as a second-generation selective H1 receptor, which shows advantages in terms of solubility in contrast with the free base and the trichloride form. Analytical techniques employed were: X ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and infrared spectroscopy. The results were analyzed all together and compared with the information found in literature. Based on the results obtained, it was demonstrated that the analyzed drug samples don´t present any other polymorphic form besides A form, which is the only one reported in literature.UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias de la Salud::Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacéuticas (INIFAR

Comparison of the antifungal and antibacterial effect of the essential oil and ethanolic extract of the Zingiber officinale Rhizome (Ginger) cultivated in the San Carlos zone, Costa Rica in order to standardize a hydroponic medicinal cultivation of the same

Introduction: Ginger is a medicinal plant native to India. Its potential use in cosmetics, medicines and natural products has been reported, however depending on the conditions of cultivation the medicinal components of the different parts of the plant not only changes in its concentration, but in its composition, this modifies its action medicinal. Objective: Characterize the chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale cultivated in the San Carlos area, Costa Rica, and to compare its antifungal and antibacterial effect in order to standardize future crops of the plant. Hydroponic form and validate its pharmacological effect and, or Cosmetic a posteriori. Materials and Methods: The rhizomes of the plant were used, the active ingredients were extracted by ethanolic extraction with Soxhlet and steam distillation, the analysis was performed by a qualitative phytochemical profile for the ethanolic extract, and the composition of the essential oil was studied by means of Gas Chromatography coupled to a mass detector (GC-MS). In addition, microbiological tests were performed by plate diffusion for ethanolic extracts and essential oil with strains of bacteria and fungi common in cutaneous pathologies. By means of a scanning electron microscope. Results and Conclusions: The presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins and triterpenes in the ethanolic extract was qualitatively determined. In the characterization of the essential oil by GC-MS, geranial (27.42%), neral (20.11%), 1,8-cineol (13.35%), camphene (4.65%) and E-geraniol%). The composition obtained with the composition reported in the literature was compared, obtaining a clear difference with that reported in other studies, which allows to predict an antimicrobial behavior different from most of the traditional essential oils of this rhizome. It was determined that the essential oil inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, Stahylococcus epidermidis, Candida albicans, Enteroccocus faecalis, but not against Pseudomonas aureginosa, the ethanolic extract showed no antifungal or antibacterial activity, in addition it was demonstrated that the oil Essential has a stronger anti-Candida Albicans effect than inhibition halo at the same concentration of essential oil and that its mechanism of action included destruction of the membrane by pore formation and an osmotic shock.UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias de la Salud::Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacéuticas (INIFAR)UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Salud::Facultad de Farmaci

Innovation in the production of cosmetic microenterprise goat milk in the university of Costa Rica

Desde el año 2009 la Universidad de Costa Rica por medio de la Facultad de Farmacia se ha dedicado a promover un modelo de desarrollo en la pequeña y mediana industria cosmética, para las zonas rurales o más pobres de Costa Rica, en la que las mujeres jefas de hogar lideran la empresa. Un ejemplo exitoso de este modelo es la microempresa Ditutto S.A, de las montañas de Acosta, la cual produce cosméticos a base de leche de cabra, en coordinación con el Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacéuticas, donde son evaluados y formulados. Este modelo ha hecho que la empresa genere empleo local, aumente su producción y ventas, y exporte a países como Canadá. Se plantea el modelo socioeconómico empleado y los resultados del mismo, entre los años 2009 al 2013, como un ejemplo del vínculo Empresa-Universidad-Sociedad.Universidad de Costa Rica/[]/UCR/Costa RicaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias de la Salud::Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacéuticas (INIFAR

Analysis and Characterization of Quality Systems in the Natural Medicinal Products Industry in Costa Rica and the world.

The use of natural products has been a practice carried out by people throughout history to take care of their health and to alleviate a wide variety of ailments. The reasons for the use of natural medicine at this time, with so many advances in pharmacology, are varied, among which are the dissatisfaction of the immediate needs of people to feel better about themselves and the economic factor. It must be considered that not everything natural is good. Therefore, the products manufactured and distributed under the line of Natural Medicinal Products must go through a verification and certification process, ensuring that they contain sufficient information on their composition and effects to avoid the risks that they may bring to those who consume them. This research describes good practices in the manufacture of natural products and shows the establishment of a Quality Management System in the pharmaceutical industry in different countries of the world. Finally, the use of natural products in Costa Rica is detailed, certain aspects to establish a Quality Management System in the country, as well as its importance.UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias de la Salud::Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacéuticas (INIFAR)UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Salud::Facultad de Farmaci

Physicochemical Characterization of a Liposomal Formulation Based on Glucosamine and Vitamin D, Commercialized as a Nutritional Supplement

In the last years, the transport and release mechanism of bioactive compounds has been studied. The liposomes are multivesicular systems that enhance the absorption, stability, and transport of these compounds. The glucosamine is an amino-monosaccharide, it has been associated with many biological activities, but its bioavailability and oral stability are very low. For this reason, the glucosamine formulation in liposomal systems is a good alternative. In this paper, the physicochemical characterization of a liposomal formulation based on glucosamine and vitamin D was realized, this formulation is commercialized as a diet supplement. The determination of pH, degrees Brix, refraction index and specific gravity was realized to characterize the formulation. On the other hand, the structure, size (diameter) and membrane thickness of the liposomes were measured by microscopic observation. From the formulation analysis, it is possible to affirm that the liposomes are multivesicular structures. Also, the external membrane thickness is higher than the membrane thickness of the encapsulated liposomes, indicating the liposomes could be multilamellar structures. The multilamellar and multivesicular structures are related to a high stability, resulting in a beneficial aspect of the formulation. Additionally, the dimension and structure conformation are related with an efficient encapsulation process of the active components, which are glucosamine and vitamin D.UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias de la Salud::Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacéuticas (INIFAR)UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Salud::Facultad de Farmaci