Pasta regrind: The effect of drying temperature on its functionality as a novel ingredient

Cutting and drying steps in pasta production result in by-products, named pasta regrind, which are used mainly as animal feed. Pasta regrind could be a valuable ingredient butits techno-functional properties need to be studied also in relation to the pasta drying process. Hence, the effect of three different drying temperatures, low (LT), high (HT) and extremely high (XHT) on the techno-functional properties of pasta regrind was investigated. Increasing drying temperature increased the water-retention capacity of pasta regrind. Semolina-based bread was selected as a model system to use pasta regrind as a functional ingredient. Bread was made with different percentages (w/w) of pasta regrind (10%, 25%, 50% 100% of HT, 25% of LT and 25% of XHT) mixed with semolina flour. The addition of HT regrind increased the hardness of the crumb whereas decreased bread volume. 25% LT regrinds had no effect on the bread crumb's hardness and porosity compared to 100% semolina bread. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed a dense gluten network only in 25% LT bread. Therefore, HT and XHT regrinds are not suitable ingredients for leavened products while LT regrind can be efficiently used for bread production

Humanizing Human-Robot Interaction: On the Importance of Mutual Understanding

In conjunction with what is often called the industry 4.0, the new machine age, or the rise of the robots, the authors of this paper have each experienced the following phenomenon. At public events and roundtable discussions, among our circles of friends, or during interviews with the media, we are asked on a surprisingly regular basis: How must humankind adapt to the imminent process of technological change? What do we have to learn in order to keep pace with the smart new machines? What new skills do we need to understand the robots?