Fabrication and Characterization of Nano Hybrid Cellulose Acetate-nanoTiO2/crosslinked Polyvinyl Alcohol Coated Membrane for Crude Clove Oil Purification

The application of membranes for clove oil purification has the potential to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of processing. The main problem that occurs is the polymer-based membranes tend to change in properties such as weakening, dissolving, and swelling when contact with clove oil. In this study, cellulose acetate membrane was developed with TiO2 nano-particles to reduce swelling effect and coating with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to modify membrane surface. The membranes were prepared using dry-wet phase inversion method from dope solution with polymer concentration of 14–20 wt% and nano-particles of TiO2 with a concentration of 0–1.5 wt% in total solid. The formed membrane was coated with PVA with a concentration of 2–5 wt% crosslinked using glutaraldehyde. The SEM results show that prepared membrane are asymmetric membranes and show the coated layer of PVA on the surface. The FTIR spectra confirm that the PVA is successfully crosslinked and the addition of nano-particles TiO2 decreases the membrane swelling degree, significantly. In the addition of 0.5 wt% of nano-TiO2 can increase the flux from 0.54 to 0.66 L × m−2 × h−1 × bar−1. The coated membrane surface using PVA increases the selectivity of the membrane to produce clove oil permeates with eugenol content of 82.5 % from 68 %

The Effect of Operating Condition on Low Pressure Steam (LPS) in Sugar Factory by Pinch Analysis

In the present work the sugar plant in Sragen, Central Java, Indonesia has ten evaporators that can be configured to five effect evaporators. The optimization ofenergy demand, finding optimum operating condition of LowPressure Steam (LPS), and choosing the best configuration of multiple effect evaporator (MEE) were performed by pinch analysis. In this paper, LPS at 0.4 kg/cm2.G – 1.1 kg/cm2.G were evaluated. The results show that the optimum operating condition of LPS was at 0.9 kg/cm2.G – 1.1 kg/cm2.G. This optimum operating condition enhances the energy saving by about 30% compared to that of existing plant (0.4 kg/cm2.G). The best performance value that can be achieved were Steam on Cane (SOC) by 43.50% and Steam Economy (SE) by 2.

Pyro-gasification of Rice Husk to Bio-fuel: An Optimization Study of Process Parameters

Rice husk is a promising candidate of sustainable biomass-based renewable energy source with a gross caloric content of around 19.73 MJ/kg. As an efficient thermo-conversion process, pyro-gasification has the potential to convert biomass into oil and gas fuels. However, the bio-oil and gas yields are strongly dependent on the pyro-gasification operating parameters. This study employed response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD) experiment to determine the optimum conditions for pyro-gasification of rice-husk. Three selected most influencing operating parameters, namely feed mass (g), nitrogen flow (mL/min), and reactor temperature (°C) were optimized through 16 individual experimental runs for their possible synergistic effects. The results show excellent model fitting criteria (R2 > 0.9 and R2-adj > 0.85) for bio-oil and gas product responses that proves the suitability of RSM based on CCD experiment for rice-husk pyro-gasification study. The optimized optimum condition for rice-husk pyro-gasification process was at 897 g of feed mass, 1.97 mL/min of N2 gas flowrate, and 593 °C of reaction temperature. These conditions allow the achievement of estimated bio-oil and gas product yield of 47.78% and 11.41%, respectively. The composition analysis revealed that the main component of bio-oil was C15 (unsaturated), whereas the gas products were C3–C4 . This study suggests that rice-husk pyro-gasification is capable to achieve maximum yield of bio-oil and gas products with low char generation

Bio-oil and Fuel Gas Production from Agricultural Waste via Pyrolysis: A Comparative Study of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB) and Rice Husk

Biomass-based energy from agricultural wastes is a promising alternative energy source since its abundant supply and renewable. Biomass is converted into gas and liquid fuel through biochemical or thermochemical treatments. In this work, oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) and rice husk are pyrolyzed to produce gas and liquid fuel. The reactor temperature and feed mass are varied to obtain the best operating condition in a semi-batch pyrolysis reactor. The experimental results showed that the best operating temperature in pyrolysis process to produce bio-oils from OPEFB and rice husk was at 500 °C with 4.3 % (w/w) and 2.6 % (w/w) of bio-oil yields, respectively. The pyrolysis product distribution and their chemical composition are strongly affected by operating condition and the types of biomass. The GC-MS analysis results showed that the primary pyrolysis products components consist of hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds such as carboxylic acids, phenols, ketones and aldehydes. Thermodynamic properties such as thermal conductivity of the biomass also influenced the product distribution of the biomass pyrolysis

Process Parameters Optimization in Membrane Fabrication for Produced Water Treatment Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Central Composite Design (CCD)

Produced water is wastewater from oil production that must be treated well. Membrane is one alternative to water treatment technology based on filtration method. But, in the use of a membrane, there’s no exact variable optimal that influences performance of the membrane. This underlying research to assess factors that influences the performance of membrane to be more optimal.  Therefore, the objectives of this study determine the optimum variable through Respond Surface Methodology and Central Composite Design. After getting the optimal condition then will check the stability of the membrane. This experiment of optimization of produced water with asymmetric membrane's Polyether sulfone (PES) using Response Surface is done with varying the Zeolite concentration by low level 1% weight and 3% weight, length of UV irradiation time low level 2 minutes and high level 6 minutes, thermal annealing low level 160 ºC and high-level 180ºC. An analyzer done in this research was by processing data research to make table and charts of the relationship between the result of this experiment with changed variable, namely variation of PES concentration, time of UV ray and thermal annealing by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Central Composite Design (CCD)

Development of Nano-hybrid Cellulose Acetate/TiO

Chemical separation and purification are the important part of the chemical industry which consumes up to 70% energy cost. The separation technology such as distillation and absorption are well known in essential oil purification. The purification of clove leaf oil needs an attention because the current technology still consumes high energy and produces chemical wastes. The employment of membrane separation for clove leaf purification is a novel concept that needs many improvements. The main problem of polymeric membrane utilization is eugenol ability to dissolve the polymer membrane. Cellulose acetate is one of membrane polymers that is insoluble in eugenol. This paper reveals the performance of nanohybrid CA/TiO2 membrane for eugenol purification. The stability of produced membrane as an organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) is evaluated in this study. The SEM image result shows that fabricated membrane has an asymmetric structure of membrane sub-layer. The different nano-particles loading shows the variation of permeate fluxes, the increase of nano-particles in polymer blend tends to increase the permeability. Thus, this study provides an overview of the potential CA/TiO2 for OSN development by incorporating inorganic nano-particles in membrane polymers for eugenol purification that can be integrated in upstream separation process

Development of Nano-hybrid Cellulose Acetate/TiO2 Membrane for Eugenol Purification from Crude Clove Leaf Oil

Chemical separation and purification are the important part of the chemical industry which consumes up to 70% energy cost. The separation technology such as distillation and absorption are well known in essential oil purification. The purification of clove leaf oil needs an attention because the current technology still consumes high energy and produces chemical wastes. The employment of membrane separation for clove leaf purification is a novel concept that needs many improvements. The main problem of polymeric membrane utilization is eugenol ability to dissolve the polymer membrane. Cellulose acetate is one of membrane polymers that is insoluble in eugenol. This paper reveals the performance of nanohybrid CA/TiO2 membrane for eugenol purification. The stability of produced membrane as an organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) is evaluated in this study. The SEM image result shows that fabricated membrane has an asymmetric structure of membrane sub-layer. The different nano-particles loading shows the variation of permeate fluxes, the increase of nano-particles in polymer blend tends to increase the permeability. Thus, this study provides an overview of the potential CA/TiO2 for OSN development by incorporating inorganic nano-particles in membrane polymers for eugenol purification that can be integrated in upstream separation process

Synthesis and Characterization of Nano Hybrid Membrane PES-TiO

One of the alternative energy offered and can be used as a substitute for fossil energy is renewable energy. Examples of renewable energy are very abundant and can be developed in Indonesia is biogas. Biogas mostly contain CH4 and CO2. Membrane separation is one of the most suitable process to make biogas more pure. So, it must be advanced to improve the membrane performance. The objectives of the current research are to investigate the effect of combined UV irradiation and cross linking on nano hybrid membrane PES-TiO2 on their performance to separate CO2 that contain in biogas. The nano hybrid membrane PES-TiO2 was fabricated by preparing the dope solution containing PES, NMP as solvent, and nano TiO2. The membrane was casted by using NIPS method, with expose under UV lights for 1, 2, 3 min and followed by immersion in acetone-ethanol mixture for 24 hours. UV irradiation and cross linking treatments increased the selectivity and permeability of nano hybrid membrane PES-TiO2 on CO2/CH4 gas separation. The effect either UV irradiation or cross linking addition, make the void larger than before, so the selectivity and permeability can increase. With the addition of cross linking ethanol-acetone solution can reduce agglomeration in the membrane. The combination of UV irradiation and cross linking treatments can increase significantly in nano hybrid membrane PES-TiO2 performance for CO2/CH4 gas separation

Synthesis and Characterization of Nano Hybrid Membrane PES-TiO2 for Biogas Purification: Combination Effect of Ultra Violet and Cross-Linking

One of the alternative energy offered and can be used as a substitute for fossil energy is renewable energy. Examples of renewable energy are very abundant and can be developed in Indonesia is biogas. Biogas mostly contain CH4 and CO2. Membrane separation is one of the most suitable process to make biogas more pure. So, it must be advanced to improve the membrane performance. The objectives of the current research are to investigate the effect of combined UV irradiation and cross linking on nano hybrid membrane PES-TiO2 on their performance to separate CO2 that contain in biogas. The nano hybrid membrane PES-TiO2 was fabricated by preparing the dope solution containing PES, NMP as solvent, and nano TiO2. The membrane was casted by using NIPS method, with expose under UV lights for 1, 2, 3 min and followed by immersion in acetone-ethanol mixture for 24 hours. UV irradiation and cross linking treatments increased the selectivity and permeability of nano hybrid membrane PES-TiO2 on CO2/CH4 gas separation. The effect either UV irradiation or cross linking addition, make the void larger than before, so the selectivity and permeability can increase. With the addition of cross linking ethanol-acetone solution can reduce agglomeration in the membrane. The combination of UV irradiation and cross linking treatments can increase significantly in nano hybrid membrane PES-TiO2 performance for CO2/CH4 gas separation