Comment fixer le degré de transparence entre le japonais et le français pour un dictionnaire d'apprentissage ? Observation des énoncés en japonais et en français comprenant des expressions [cause・raison - effet ・conséquence] - le cas de [V+ kara...suru] et de [N+ de...suru]

Cet article s'inscrit dans le cadre d'un travail en équipe pour un dictionnaire d'apprentissage français - japonais pour débutant (cf. publication 2.3 infra) et présente mes premières réflexions sur la traduction entendue en terme d'apprentissage. En observant et comparant des expressions de " cause - conséquence " présentes ou décrites dans trois dictionnaires publiés au Japon (un dictionnaire français - japonais et deux dictionnaires japonais - français), j'ai essayé de dégager quelques " règles " de traduction pour favoriser davantage l'apprentissage d'une langue étrangère au niveau débutant. Je me suis posée ici, plus particulièrement, la question du " degré de transparence " (lexical et/ou syntaxique) entre la langue cible et la langue maternelle de l'apprenant. Ce travail m'a montré que chaque langue a sa propre préférence dans le choix des mots et dans la construction de l'énoncé. Peut-on garder la traduction naturelle en gardant certaines transparences (lexicale et/ou syntaxique) dans le dictionnaire d'apprentissage pour débutant ? Cette nouvelle question inspire ma réflexion actuelle

日本語のモダリテイ 習得における難しさ｣ - ｢～んです｣を例に

International audienceMes différentes expériences d'enseignement m'ont conduite à me pencher sur la problématique de l'apprentissage des expressions de la modalité en japonais. L'observation de l'emploi des étudiants d'une expression modale " ~ n desu " montre que si la règle syntaxique en japonais est comprise sans trop de difficulté, la " règle " de l'emploi des expressions de la modalité semble être plus difficile à assimiler. En observant l'emploi de cette expression modale chez les natifs japonais à partir d'un corpus, j'ai tenté de souligner l'importance de l'introduction de la notion de " modalité communicative " dans l'enseignement de la langue japonaise

Latency Through Uncertainty: the 1994 Matsumoto Sarin Incident as a Delayed Cultural Trauma

Cultural trauma theory has emphasised the role of social groups in narrating, and thereby attributing moral significance to, highly disruptive events. In contrast, this article draws attention to professions such as the police and the media, which act as “fact-finders” to establish the factual circumstances of events from which trauma narratives are created. The article offers a case study of the June 1994 Matsumoto Sarin Incident in Japan, a terrorist attack in which members of religious movement Aum Shinrikyō gassed residential streets using sarin. Factual uncertainties surrounding the attack, in combination with institutional failings by “fact-finders” that resulted in a false accusation, meant that carrier groups did not identify the event as one that brought a collectivity underlying values into question; in other words, cultural trauma as a discourse did not develop. It was only after Aum’s second sarin attack on the Tokyo subway in March 1995, when the true perpetrators and motives were finally uncovered, that the Matsumoto belatedly became recognised as a traumatic assault on Japan’s civic values. This article suggests that a collaborative approach combining science and technology studies (STS) with collective memory studies could provide a fruitful avenue of further research

Multiple Broken Symmetries in Striped La2−x_{2-x}Bax_{x}CuO4_{4} detected by the Field Symmetric Nernst Effect

We report on a thermoelectric investigation of the stripe and superconducting phases of the cuprate La$_{2-x}$Ba$_{x}$CuO$_{4}$ near the $x=1/8$ doping known to host stable stripes. We use the doping and magnetic field dependence of field-symmetric Nernst effect features to delineate the phenomenology of these phases. Our measurements are consistent with prior reports of time-reversal symmetry breaking signatures above the superconducting $T_{{\rm c}}$, and crucially detect a sharp, robust, field-invariant peak at the stripe charge order temperature, $T_{{\rm {\scriptscriptstyle CO}}}$. Our observations suggest the onset of a nontrivial charge ordered phase at $T_{{\rm {\scriptscriptstyle CO}}}$, and the subsequent presence of spontaneously generated vortices over a broad temperature range before the emergence of bulk superconductivity in LBCO

Time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of proton transfer in the ground state of chloromalonaldehyde: Wave-packet dynamics on effective potential surfaces of reduced dimensionality

We report on a simple but widely useful method for obtaining time-independent potential surfaces of reduced dimensionality wherein the coupling between reaction and substrate modes is embedded by averaging over an ensemble of classical trajectories. While these classically averaged potentials with their reduced dimensionality should be useful whenever a separation between reaction and substrate modes is meaningful, their use brings about significant simplification in studies of time-resolved photoelectron spectra in polyatomic systems where full-dimensional studies of skeletal and photoelectron dynamics can be prohibitive. Here we report on the use of these effective potentials in the studies of dump-probe photoelectron spectra of intramolecular proton transfer in chloromalonaldehyde. In these applications the effective potentials should provide a more realistic description of proton-substrate couplings than the sudden or adiabatic approximations commonly employed in studies of proton transfer. The resulting time-dependent photoelectron signals, obtained here assuming a constant value of the photoelectron matrix element for ionization of the wave packet, are seen to track the proton transfer

鳥類精子における細胞膜マイクロドメインの生化学的および機能的特性

この博士論文は内容の要約のみの公開（または一部非公開）になっています筑波大学 (University of Tsukuba)201

Real-time observation of intramolecular proton transfer in the electronic ground state of chloromalonaldehyde: An ab initio study of time-resolved photoelectron spectra

The authors report on studies of time-resolved photoelectron spectra of intramolecular proton transfer in the ground state of chloromalonaldehyde, employing ab initio photoionization matrix elements and effective potential surfaces of reduced dimensionality, wherein the couplings of proton motion to the other molecular vibrational modes are embedded by averaging over classical trajectories. In the simulations, population is transferred from the vibrational ground state to vibrationally hot wave packets by pumping to an excited electronic state and dumping with a time-delayed pulse. These pump-dump-probe simulations demonstrate that the time-resolved photoelectron spectra track proton transfer in the electronic ground state well and, furthermore, that the geometry dependence of the matrix elements enhances the tracking compared with signals obtained with the Condon approximation. Photoelectron kinetic energy distributions arising from wave packets localized in different basins are also distinguishable and could be understood, as expected, on the basis of the strength of the optical couplings in different regions of the ground state potential surface and the Franck-Condon overlaps of the ground state wave packets with the vibrational eigenstates of the ion potential surface

A new unified framework for designing convex optimization methods with prescribed theoretical convergence estimates: A numerical analysis approach

We propose a new unified framework for describing and designing gradient-based convex optimization methods from a numerical analysis perspective. There the key is the new concept of weak discrete gradients (weak DGs), which is a generalization of DGs standard in numerical analysis. Via weak DG, we consider abstract optimization methods, and prove unified convergence rate estimates that hold independent of the choice of weak DGs except for some constants in the final estimate. With some choices of weak DGs, we can reproduce many popular existing methods, such as the steepest descent and Nesterov's accelerated gradient method, and also some recent variants from numerical analysis community. By considering new weak DGs, we can easily explore new theoretically-guaranteed optimization methods; we show some examples. We believe this work is the first attempt to fully integrate research branches in optimization and numerical analysis areas, so far independently developed