Visualization of primary tumor in the spleen and liver metastasis.

<p>Laparotomy observations of the entire organs and sections of the organs where the tumors are engrafted give an accurate idea of the location and shape of the spleen and liver tumors within the organ, which corresponds to its predicted location and shape by MRI.</p

MRI based evaluation of the effect of oncolytic adenovirus Ad5-D24-RGD in metastatic colorectal cancer mouse model.

<p>1x10e6 HT29 cells were injected into the spleen of 125-day-old SCID mice. Intratumoral injection of the virus (OV) at a dose of 2x10e7 viral particles was given 21 days later (arrow). Intrasplenic tumor growth (A), number of metastatic lesions in the liver (B) and a total volume of liver metastasis (C) were assessed weekly with MRI. Data is presented as mean ± SD. *, p<0.05, **, p<0.01.</p

Developmental stage of the spleens of adult SCID and NMRI nude mice.

<p>125 to 135 days old SCID and NMRI nude mice from different providers were imaged with MRI to evaluate the developmental stage of the spleens (arrows). For SCID mice, animals purchased from Charles River (A) and Harlan (B) showed poorly developed, diffuse, and small spleens while animals from Taconic (C) had solid, compact, and relatively large spleens. NMRI nude mice from Charles River (D) and Scanbur (E) showed fully developed spleens with a similar appearance.</p

Validation of HT29 cell line in the metastatic colorectal cancer model.

<p>1x10e6 cells were injected into the spleen of 125-day-old SCID mice and intrasplenic tumor growth (A), number of metastatic lesions in the liver (B), and total volume of liver metastases (C) were assessed weekly with MRI. Each dot represents an individual animal and mean of each time point is marked with dotted line. Number of animals analyzed at each time point is presented in parentheses.</p

Development of intrasplenic and intrahepatic tumors in SCID mice.

<p>Four human colorectal cancer cell lines (Co115, HCT116, SW620, HT29) were tested for their ability to induce growth of intrasplenic and intrahepatic tumors in SCID mice. 1x10e6 cells were injected into the spleen and primary tumor growth (A), number of metastasis in the liver (B), and total volume of the liver tumors (C) were analyzed weekly by MRI. Each line represents an individual animal. Number of animals used for testing each cell line is presented in parentheses.</p

Morphology of the spleens of 30- and 125-day-old SCID and NMRI nude mice.

<p>SCID, severe combined immunodeficiency; NA, not applicable.</p

Immunofluorescent colocalization stainings of TMPAP and synaptic vesicle associated proteins.

<p>TMPAP (green) is colocalized with a presynaptic marker, synaptophysin (red) (A–C; yellow color and white arrows depicting the colocalization). PAP was seen in vesicle-like structures that had strong colocalization with Snapin (D–F). Small picture is a magnification from panel C, depicting the colocalization. Moreover, largest PAP-immunoreactive structures had a colocalization with multivesicular bodies (MVB, red; G–I). All pictures are from striatum. Scale bars are 10 µm in A–C and G–I, and 3 µm in D–F.</p

The colocalization of PAP (green) and GAD65/67 (red) was seen in several areas of brain.

<p>In cerebral Purkinje cells (A–C), strong colocalization was seen especially in the axon hillock of the neuron (small picture in C; yellow color and white arrows depicting the colocalization). Similarly, PAP was present in GABAergic neurons in prefrontal cortex (PFC; infralimbic cortex) (D–F). Scale bars are 10 µm.</p

TMPAP is expressed in the mouse brain and colocalizes with GABAergic marker, GAD 65/67.

<p>Representative confocal images depict intense TMPAP (brown color) expression in molecular cell layer (M) and Purkinje cells (P) of cerebellum (Panel A), in substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr; Panel B), in red nucleus (RN; Panel C) and in oculomotor nucleus (O; Panel C). Small picture in Panel B depicts the TMPAP staining of the substantia nigra in PAP<i>^−/−</i> mouse. TMPAP (green) was colocalized with GABAergic marker (red) in medium spiny neurons of striatum (Panels D-G, yellow color and white arrows indicating the colocalization) and in SNpr (Panels H–K). Colocalization was evident also in GABAergic neurons of hippocampus CA1 (Panels L–O). DAPI (blue color) was used as a nuclear marker. Scale bars are 500 µm in Panels A–C, and 10 µm in panels D–O.</p

Anatomical, neurochemical and behavioral characterization of mice deficient in prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP).

<p><b>ABBREVIATIONS:</b> NSD - no significant difference; ↑- increased; DA - dopamine; DOPAC - 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid; GABAA - GABAA receptor; mIPSC - miniature inhibitory postsynaptic current; LORR - loss of righting reflex; PPI - prepulse inhibition; EPM - elevated plus-maze; OF - open field; LD - light-dark box; RR - rota-rod; BW - beam walking; FST - forced swim test; TST - tail suspension test; FC - fear conditioning; RI - resident-intruder test; WM - water maze.</p