Learning and memory consolidation processes in children and adults: a neurophysiological and neuropsychological investigation

Learning and memory consolidation processes in children and adults: aneurophysiological and neuropsychological investigation.Sleep is a complex and active state of the brain, associated with essential functional changes[1]. Accumulated evidence in the adult population indicates that sleep participates in theconsolidation of declarative (i.e. memory for facts and episodes) and procedural (i.e. skillsand habits) memory, allowing novel information to be integrated for the long term in cerebralnetworks [2]. Whether sleep supports memory consolidation in children likewise and to thesame extent than in adults remains disputed. In this framework, I have developedexperiments aimed at investigating sleep-dependent consolidation processes both in childrenand adults, using behavioral and neurophysiological techniques (magneto-encephalography[MEG]; electro-encephalography [EEG]; functional magnetic resonance imaging [fMRI]). Tosum up, researches conducted during my PhD thesis have contributed to start unravelingneurophysiological mechanisms participating in sleep-dependent consolidation processes.On the one hand, I report that despite a lack of detectable behavioral differences, posttrainingsleep plays a role in reshaping the cerebral networks subtending implicit motorsequence learning in adults [3]. I also showed using a motor adaptation task [4] that sleepcontributes to the consolidation of procedural memory in children [5]. On the other hand, Ihave evidenced neuromagnetic correlates of learning novel semantic representations inchildren [6-7], and is currently finalizing the analysis of the effect of a post-training nap on theconsolidation of these representations. Finally, I showed in epileptic children that interictalepileptic discharges (IED) during sleep impairs declarative memory consolidation processes[8-9], and that this phenomenon is reversible upon pharmacological treatment suppressingIED. Altogether, these findings advocate the need to explore further memory consolidationand its neurophysiological basis in children, both healthy and suffering from various brainpathologies [10].[1] Urbain C. Peigneux, P. & Schmitz R. Sleep and the Brain. (to appear). In The Oxford Handbook ofSleep and Sleep Disorders. C. M. Morin and C. A. Espie (Eds.). Oxford University Press, Oxford, NY.[2] Peigneux P. Schmitz R. & Urbain C. Sleep and Forgetting. In Forgetting. S. Della Sala (Ed.).Psychology Press, Hove, UK. 2010. (pp. 165-184).[3] Urbain C. Schmitz R. Schmidt C. Cleeremans A. Van Bogaert P. Maquet P. and Peigneux P.(submitted). Neuroanatomical Sleep-Dependent Processing in the Probabilistic Serial Reaction TimeTask.[4] Huber, R. Ghilardi, M.F. Massimini, M. And Tononi, G. Local sleep and learning. Nature, 2004,430, 78-84.[5] Urbain C. Houyoux E. Albouy G. Peigneux P. (in preparation). Sleep-dependent consolidation ofprocedural learning in children.[6] Urbain C. Schmitz R. Op De Beeck M. Bourguignon M. Galer S. X. De Tiège, Van Bogaert P.and Peigneux P. (in preparation). How learning new meanings about novel objects modulates cerebralactivity in children: A MEG Study.[7] Urbain C. Schmitz R. Bourguignon M. Op De Beeck M. Galer S, De Tiège X. Van Bogaert P.Peigneux P. (2011). Learning and Fast-Mapping Meanings to Novel Object in Children: A MEG Study.17th Annual Meeting of the Organization for Human Brain Mapping [HBM], 26-30 June 2011, QuébecCity, Canada[8] Urbain C. et al. Is sleep-related consolidation impaired in focal idiopathic epilepsies of childhood?A pilot study, Epilepsy and Behavior, 2011, 22(2), 380-384.[9] Van Bogaert P. Urbain C. Galer S. Ligot N. Peigneux P. and De Tiège X. Impact of focalinterictal epileptiform discharges on behaviour and cognition in children. NeurophysiologieClinique/Clinical Neurophysiology, 2012, 42(1–2), 53-58.Doctorat en Sciences Psychologiques et de l'éducationinfo:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublishe

Learning and memory consolidation processes in children and adults: a neurophysiological and neuropsychological investigation

Learning and memory consolidation processes in children and adults: aneurophysiological and neuropsychological investigation.Sleep is a complex and active state of the brain, associated with essential functional changes[1]. Accumulated evidence in the adult population indicates that sleep participates in theconsolidation of declarative (i.e. memory for facts and episodes) and procedural (i.e. skillsand habits) memory, allowing novel information to be integrated for the long term in cerebralnetworks [2]. Whether sleep supports memory consolidation in children likewise and to thesame extent than in adults remains disputed. In this framework, I have developedexperiments aimed at investigating sleep-dependent consolidation processes both in childrenand adults, using behavioral and neurophysiological techniques (magneto-encephalography[MEG]; electro-encephalography [EEG]; functional magnetic resonance imaging [fMRI]). Tosum up, researches conducted during my PhD thesis have contributed to start unravelingneurophysiological mechanisms participating in sleep-dependent consolidation processes.On the one hand, I report that despite a lack of detectable behavioral differences, posttrainingsleep plays a role in reshaping the cerebral networks subtending implicit motorsequence learning in adults [3]. I also showed using a motor adaptation task [4] that sleepcontributes to the consolidation of procedural memory in children [5]. On the other hand, Ihave evidenced neuromagnetic correlates of learning novel semantic representations inchildren [6-7], and is currently finalizing the analysis of the effect of a post-training nap on theconsolidation of these representations. Finally, I showed in epileptic children that interictalepileptic discharges (IED) during sleep impairs declarative memory consolidation processes[8-9], and that this phenomenon is reversible upon pharmacological treatment suppressingIED. Altogether, these findings advocate the need to explore further memory consolidationand its neurophysiological basis in children, both healthy and suffering from various brainpathologies [10].[1] Urbain C. Peigneux, P. & Schmitz R. Sleep and the Brain. (to appear). In The Oxford Handbook ofSleep and Sleep Disorders. C. M. Morin and C. A. Espie (Eds.). Oxford University Press, Oxford, NY.[2] Peigneux P. Schmitz R. & Urbain C. Sleep and Forgetting. In Forgetting. S. Della Sala (Ed.).Psychology Press, Hove, UK. 2010. (pp. 165-184).[3] Urbain C. Schmitz R. Schmidt C. Cleeremans A. Van Bogaert P. Maquet P. and Peigneux P.(submitted). Neuroanatomical Sleep-Dependent Processing in the Probabilistic Serial Reaction TimeTask.[4] Huber, R. Ghilardi, M.F. Massimini, M. And Tononi, G. Local sleep and learning. Nature, 2004,430, 78-84.[5] Urbain C. Houyoux E. Albouy G. Peigneux P. (in preparation). Sleep-dependent consolidation ofprocedural learning in children.[6] Urbain C. Schmitz R. Op De Beeck M. Bourguignon M. Galer S. X. De Tiège, Van Bogaert P.and Peigneux P. (in preparation). How learning new meanings about novel objects modulates cerebralactivity in children: A MEG Study.[7] Urbain C. Schmitz R. Bourguignon M. Op De Beeck M. Galer S, De Tiège X. Van Bogaert P.Peigneux P. (2011). Learning and Fast-Mapping Meanings to Novel Object in Children: A MEG Study.17th Annual Meeting of the Organization for Human Brain Mapping [HBM], 26-30 June 2011, QuébecCity, Canada[8] Urbain C. et al. Is sleep-related consolidation impaired in focal idiopathic epilepsies of childhood?A pilot study, Epilepsy and Behavior, 2011, 22(2), 380-384.[9] Van Bogaert P. Urbain C. Galer S. Ligot N. Peigneux P. and De Tiège X. Impact of focalinterictal epileptiform discharges on behaviour and cognition in children. NeurophysiologieClinique/Clinical Neurophysiology, 2012, 42(1–2), 53-58.Doctorat en Sciences Psychologiques et de l'éducationinfo:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublishe

Youths with autism and working memory

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Forgetting in memory models : arguments against trace decay and consolidation failure

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Les dysphasies: Pré-requis non linguistiques à l’acquisition du langage :détection de régularités

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Sleep and the Brain

The phenomenological experience of sleep as a cessation of waking activity is misleading. Indeed, it suggests that sleep constitutes, like a switch, a simple mechanism by which are shut off all neurophysiological processes associated with an active and costly wake state of vigilance. In this chapter, we present a summary description of sleep and its defining features, viewed from behavioral, neurobiological, neurophysiological, and functional neuroanatomical perspectives. Given the universality of sleep and/or sleep-like phenomena across animal species, we review also the phylogenesis of sleep. As the reader will realize, the simplistic view that sleep is a mere state of inactivity must be replaced by the conception of a complex, multidimensional, and active state of the brain.Abstract The phenomenological experience of sleep as a cessation of waking activity is misleading. Indeed, it suggests that sleep constitutes, like a switch, a simple mechanism by which are shut off all neurophysiological processes associated with an active and costly wake state of vigilance. In this chapter, we present a summary description of sleep and its defi ning features, viewed from behavioral, neurobiological, neurophysiological, and functional neuroanatomical perspectives. Given the universality of sleep and/or sleep-like phenomena across animal species, we review also the phylogenesis of sleep. As the reader will realize, the simplistic view that sleep is a mere state of inactivity must be replaced by the conception of a complex, multidimensional, and active state of the brain. Keywords :NREM ,REM ,SWS ,USWS ,Neurobiology ,Neurophysiology ,Functional Neuroanatomy ,Phylogenesis ,EEG ,PET ,fMRI ,MEGSCOPUS: ch.binfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Atypical spatiotemporal signatures of working memory brain processes in autism

Working memory (WM) impairments may contribute to the profound behavioural manifestations in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, previous behavioural results are discrepant as are the few functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) results collected in adults and adolescents with ASD. Here we investigate the precise temporal dynamics of WM-related brain activity using magnetoencephalography (MEG) in 20 children with ASD and matched controls during an n-back WM task across different load levels (1-back vs 2-back). Although behavioural results were similar between ASD and typically developing (TD) children, the between-group comparison performed on functional brain activity showed atypical WM-related brain processes in children with ASD compared with TD children. These atypical responses were observed in the ASD group from 200 to 600 ms post stimulus in both the low- (1-back) and high- (2-back) memory load conditions. During the 1-back condition, children with ASD showed reduced WM-related activations in the right hippocampus and the cingulate gyrus compared with TD children who showed more activation in the left dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex and the insulae. In the 2-back condition, children with ASD showed less activity in the left insula and midcingulate gyrus and more activity in the left precuneus than TD children. In addition, reduced activity in the anterior cingulate cortex was correlated with symptom severity in children with ASD. Thus, this MEG study identified the precise timing and sources of atypical WM-related activity in frontal, temporal and parietal regions in children with ASD. The potential impacts of such atypicalities on social deficits of autism are discussed.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

L’hypothèse du déficit procédural :apport pour la compréhension du trouble développemental du langage, sa spécificité et ses comorbidités

Un ensemble d’études menées au cours de ces 15 dernières années montrent des performances d’apprentissage procédural altérées dans le trouble développemental du langage (TDL). Bien que des résultats contradictoires soient parfois rapportés, l’hypothèse du déficit procédural dans le TDL est prometteuse car elle offre une meilleure compréhension des profils de comorbidités complexes fréquemment observés chez ces patients. Dans ce contexte, un certain nombre de données suggèrent qu’un dysfonctionnement des circuits cérébraux soutenant la mémoire procédurale puisse également expliquer une partie des difficultés observées dans des troubles fréquemment associés au TDL, tels que le trouble développemental de la coordination (TDC) ou le trouble spécifique des apprentissages (TSAp) avec déficit en lecture. Ici aussi, des résultats contradictoires appellent à poursuivre ces recherches. Enfin, plusieurs études suggèrent que les patients présentant un TDL ou un TSAp en lecture compensent une partie de leurs difficultés langagières ou procédurales au moyen de connaissances et stratégies cognitives dépendantes de la mémoire déclarative. Cette hypothèse pourrait non seulement améliorer la prise en charge de ces patients, mais également, ouvrir de nouvelles pistes d’interventions thérapeutiques à d’autres troubles neurodéveloppementaux.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Consolidation through the looking-glass: sleep-dependent proactive interference on visuomotor adaptation in children.

Although a beneficial role of post-training sleep for declarative memory has been consistently evidenced in children, as in adults, available data suggest that procedural memory consolidation does not benefit from sleep in children. However, besides the absence of performance gains in children, sleep-dependent plasticity processes involved in procedural memory consolidation might be expressed through differential interference effects on the learning of novel but related procedural material. To test this hypothesis, 32 10-12-year-old children were trained on a motor rotation adaptation task. After either a sleep or a wake period, they were first retested on the same rotation applied at learning, thus assessing offline sleep-dependent changes in performance, then on the opposite (unlearned) rotation to assess sleep-dependent modulations in proactive interference coming from the consolidated visuomotor memory trace. Results show that children gradually improve performance over the learning session, showing effective adaptation to the imposed rotation. In line with previous findings, no sleep-dependent changes in performance were observed for the learned rotation. However, presentation of the opposite, unlearned deviation elicited significantly higher interference effects after post-training sleep than wakefulness in children. Considering that a definite feature of procedural motor memory and skill acquisition is the implementation of highly automatized motor behaviour, thus lacking flexibility, our results suggest a better integration and/or automation or motor adaptation skills after post-training sleep, eventually resulting in higher proactive interference effects on untrained material.SCOPUS: ar.jFLWINinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe