Report on the state of the art on anti-gender hate speech

This report is the result of the European project titled "Hate speech, gender, social networks and political parties" (GENHA)(Reference: 875388)With the increasing use of social media, we are also witnessing a perverse effect of the potential of communication via social media; namely, the emergence of phenomena linked to hate speech and gender discrimination. that this new media contributes to fuel and spread.Regarding the definition of hate speech, may vary in different contexts. Following the instructions of ECRI nº 15 we considered hate speech as in any form, of the denigration, hatred or vilification of a person or group of persons, as well as any harassment, insult, negative stereotyping, stigmatization or threat in respect of such a person or group of persons and the justification of all the preceding types of expression, on the ground of "race" (…), colour, descent, national or ethnic origin, age, disability, language, religion or belief, sex, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation and other personal characteristics or status. But more specifically, hate speech has increased considerably in this new communication context against certain groups of the population based on their race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, religious belief, gender or sex. Obviously, not all hate speech develops into hate crimes, but it is rare to find a hate crime without a previous process of stigmatisation and dehumanisation of the victims, resulting in a clear link between hate speech and hate crimes. Moreover, we are witnessing the emergence of far-right communicative strategies that through ideological programmes and hate speech, aim at using the Internet and social media as tools to spread malicious and manipulative information about approaches such as gender theories (gender ideology) and hate speech against women. With this scenario as a starting point of the analysis, the aim of the GENHA project is to identify and examine how hate speech against certain segments of the population, subject to discrimination on the basis of gender, sex or identity, are constantly under attack by a certain type of extreme propaganda. This document aims to reflect the state of the art on anti-gender hate speech in Europe, and in particular in the participating countries of Italy, Hungary, Germany, Sweden and Spain. This state of the art report includes the most relevant literature related to anti-gender hate speech, European laws and public policies, a brief comparison of the legal frameworks applicable to anti-gender hate speech in the participating countries, and the most relevant European case law and national case law on anti-gender hate speech

Report on legal and public policies proposals to address anti-gender hate speech

This report is the result of the European project titled "Hate speech, gender, social networks and political parties" (GENHA)(Reference: 875388

Anti-Gender Hate Speech in Populist Right-Wing Social Media Communication

This report is the result of the European project titled "Hate speech, gender, social networks and political parties" (GENHA)(Reference: 875388

Map of the main political parties using hate speech against the "ideology of gender" through the social networks and internet in Europe

This report is the result of the European project titled "Hate speech, gender, social networks and political parties" (GENHA)(Reference: 875388

“Muslims are not Terrorists”: Islamic State Coverage, Journalistic Differentiation Between Terrorism and Islam, Fear Reactions, and Attitudes Toward Muslims

Previous research shows that news about Islamist terrorism can seriously affect citizens’ fear reactions and influence non-Muslims’ out-group perceptions of Muslims. We argue that news coverage that explicitly links Islam to terrorism or terrorists of the Islamic State (IS) may trigger fears in non-Muslim individuals. In contrast, news differentiation (i.e., explicitly distinguishing between Muslims and Muslim terrorists) may dampen particular fear reactions in citizens. To test the specific effects of news differentiation, a controlled laboratory experiment was conducted. Results showed that undifferentiated news about IS terrorism increased participants’ fear of terrorism and resulted in hostile perceptions toward Muslims in general. However, fear of terrorism only enhanced hostile attitudes toward Muslims for individuals with negative and moderately positive prior experiences with Muslims. For those with very positive experiences, no such relationship was found. Implications of these findings for journalism practice and intergroup relations in multicultural societies are discussed.Copyright © Christian von Sikorski, Desirée Schmuck, Jörg Matthes, and Alice Binde

Are Unidentified Terrorist Suspects Always Muslims? How Terrorism News Shape News Consumers’ Automatic Activation of Muslims as Perpetrators

Two experimental studies investigated how news reports about terrorist attacks committed by unidentified perpetrators influence beliefs about the perpetrators and Muslims in general. In Study 1, a quota-based sample of 354 Germans was exposed to terror news coverage describing either non-Muslim or Muslim victims with no reference to the perpetrators of the attacks. Upon stimulus exposure, participants were asked the likelihood that the perpetrators were either Islamist extremists, far-right extremists, or lone operators. In Study 2, no information about the victims was provided, but the perpetrators were either Muslims or unidentified. In addition, we measured news consumers’ Islamophobic attitudes in both studies. Results from Study 1 revealed that participants attributed perpetrator-unidentified attacks to Islamist perpetrators when the victims were non-Muslims. In contrast, terrorist attacks directed against Muslim victims were more likely to be attributed to far-right extremists. Additionally, Study 2 revealed that news consumers associated perpetrator-unidentified terrorist attacks with Islamist extremists to an equal degree as terrorist attacks that were committed by Muslim perpetrators. Attributing the attack to Islamists was in turn significantly related to Islamophobic attitudes in both studies. Implications of these findings for journalism practice and society at large are discussed.© 2018 by the author

Food as an eye‐catcher. An eye‐tracking study on Children's attention to healthy and unhealthy food presentations as well as non‐edible objects in audiovisual media

BACKGROUND: Food presentations within media content are often made responsible for todays' obesity epidemic. This assessment is based on the assumption that food presentations create cue reactivity, which in turn affects the amount of food intake. OBJECTIVE: This study investigates children's implicit reactions (cue reactivity) toward healthy, unhealthy, and non‐ediblel objects. METHODS: We conducted an experimental eye‐tracking study comparing children's cue reactivity assessed with visual attention toward healthy and unhealthy food presentations, as well as non‐edible objects. We controlled for the role of children's hunger, body mass index (BMI), and age. RESULTS: Results indicated no difference between healthy and unhealthy food presentations, yet food generally aroused more visual attention in children compared to non‐edible objects. Explicit memory for the embedded foods or objects was mediated through visual attention. However, unhealthy food presentations also directly affected children's explicit memory. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to non‐edible objects, food presentations seem to be eye‐catchers that immediately grab children's attention and they are also able to maintain this attention. Yet, for unhealthy food presentations, memory seems to be less dependent on visual attention. That is, compared to healthy products or non‐edible objects, unhealthy food presentations do not require the same amount of visual attention in order to be remembered.© 2020 The Author

Political migration discourses on social media: a comparative perspective on visibility and sentiment across political Facebook accounts in Europe

Migration has been dominating media and political discourses in Europe in recent years. Previous studies have mainly mapped migration discourses in traditional media or conventional channels of party communication, often in a single country. Migration-related party communication on social network sites has been largely neglected. This study analyses migration discourses in the Facebook accounts of political actors (n = 1702) across six European countries (Spain, UK, Germany, Austria, Sweden and Poland). On the basis of automated content analyses, we present new insights into the visibility of migration as a topic and sentiment about migration, revealing country- and party-specific patterns. Migration is a more prominent topic in countries with positive net migration (‘receiving countries’) than in countries where net migration is neutral or negative. Although we did not find support for the assumption that right-leaning parties talk more, and more negatively, about migration, our results do suggest a distinct pattern that applies to parties of both the extreme left and the extreme right. Political actors from parties of the extreme left and the extreme right of the political spectrum address migration more frequ© 2019 The Author(s

Sexualizing Media Use and Self-Objectification

Objectification theorists suggest that exposure to sexualizing media increases self-objectification among individuals. Correlational and experimental research examining this relation has received growing attention. The aim of this meta-analysis was to investigate the influence of sexualizing media use on self-objectification among women and men. For this purpose, we analyzed 54 papers yielding 50 independent studies and 261 effect sizes. The data revealed a positive, moderate effect of sexualizing media on self-objectification (r = .19). The effect was significant and robust, 95% CI [.15, .23], p < .0001. We identified a conditional effect of media type, suggesting that the use of video games and/or online media led to stronger self-objectification effects when compared to television use. Other sample characteristics or study characteristics did not moderate the overall effect. Thus, our findings highlight the importance of sexualizing media exposure on women’s and men’s objectified self-concept. We discuss future research directions and implications for practice. We hope that the article will stimulate researchers in their future work to address the research gaps outlined here. Moreover, we hope that the findings will encourage practitioners and parents to reflect on the role of the use of sexualizing media in the development of individuals’ self-objectification. Additional online materials for this article are available on PWQ’s website at http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl10.1177/0361684317743019© The Author(s) 201

How brands appear in children's movies. A systematic content analysis of the past 25 Years

Based on a theoretical framework of product placement characteristics, we present the most comprehensive content analysis of children's movies to date. We analyzed the integration of brands in 250 movies from 1991 to 2015. We found that 64.4% of all movies contained at least one brand placement. Comedies and movies produced in the US contained a higher number of brand placements compared to other genres and non-US movies. Animated movies and movies presenting a nature-, or fantasy-scenery contained a comparatively low number of placements. Brands were inserted mostly visually, and placed in the centre of the screen without explicit evaluation. Placements frequently presented a physical or verbal interaction with a main character. This practice was found to increase over time even though the sole number of brand placements remained stable over the past 25 years. Implications for parents, consumer–advocacy-groups, and advertising researchers are discussed.© 2017 The Author(s