Audiovisual policies and international trade The case of Italy

'This paper reviews Italian audiovisual policies, in order to assess their impact on the international position of domestic cinema and television producers. Italian audiovisual policies are characterised by a rich set of institutions, regulations and support tools, whose complexity sometimes causes problems of overlapping jurisdictions among different authorities and agencies. Their degree of market access restrictiveness appears to be relatively high, especially considering the discrimination between European and non-European producers. The economic performance of the Italian audiovisual sector has been relatively weak in the nineties, particularly for what concerns the competition with foreign producers. On the other hand, the econometric exercise presented in section 5 seems to show that, at least in the cinema sector, public subsidies have a positive impact on the domestic market share of Italian producers. This preliminary conclusion is however not enough to justify a positive assessment of Italian audiovisual policies. Many important issues require further investigations. The problems and the data presented in this paper seem to confirm the need to reform the strategy and the tools of public intervention in the audiovisual sector.' (author's abstract)Gegenstand der Untersuchung ist die Politik Italiens in Bezug auf die audiovisuellen Medien. Ziel ist es, die Auswirkungen dieser Politik auf die internationale Position der einheimischen Film- und Fernsehproduzenten zu beurteilen. Die italienische Medienpolitik in Bezug auf audiovisuelle Medien ist durch eine grosse Vielfalt an Institutionen, Vorschriften und Foerderungsinstrumenten gekennzeichnet, die manchmal zu einem Ueberlappen der Zustaendigkeiten unterschiedlicher Behoerden fuehrt. Es herrscht ein relativ hoher Grad an Marktabschottung, vor allem in Hinblick auf die unterschiedliche Behandlung europaeischer und aussereuropaeischer Produzenten. In den 1990er Jahren war der audiovisuelle Sektor in Italien wirtschaftlich recht schwach, vor allem in Hinblick auf die Konkurrenz auslaendischer Produzenten. Andererseits zeigt die vorliegende Analyse, dass die staatlichen Subventionen zumindest im Bereich des Kinofilms einen positiven Einfluss auf den Marktanteil italienischer Produzenten haben. Dieses Ergebnis reicht jedoch nicht aus, um der italienischen Medienpolitik ein gutes Zeugnis auszustellen. Viele Fragen bleiben noch offen. Die hier vorgelegten Daten und die angesprochenen Probleme scheinen die Notwendigkeit einer neuen Strategie und neuer Instrumente fuer die staatliche Intervention im Bereich der audiovisuellen Medien zu bestaetigen. (ICEUebers)German title: Audiovisuelle Medien, Medienpolitik und internationaler Handel: Fallstudie ItalienSIGLEAvailable from http://www.hwwa.de/Publikationen/Report/2003/Report234.pdf / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekDEGerman

Algebraic data type and process specifications based on projection spaces

SIGLECopy held by FIZ Karlsruhe; available from UB/TIB Hannover / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekDEGerman

Headache onset after vaccination against SARS-CoV-2: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis

Background Vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are used to reduce the risk of developing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Despite the significant benefits in terms of reduced risk of hospitalization and death, different adverse events may present after vaccination: among them, headache is one of the most common, but nowadays there is no summary presentation of its incidence and no description of its main features. Methods We searched PubMed and EMBASE covering the period between January 1st 2020 and August 6th, 2021, looking for record in English and with an abstract and using three main search terms (with specific variations): COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2; Vaccination; headache/adverse events. We selected manuscript including information on subjects developing headache after injection, and such information had to be derived from a structured form (i.e. no free reporting). Pooled estimates and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Analyses were carried out by vaccine vs. placebo, by first vs. second dose, and by mRNA-based vs. “traditional” vaccines; finally, we addressed the impact of age and gender on post-vaccine headache onset. Results Out of 9338 records, 84 papers were included in the review, accounting for 1.57 million participants, 94% of whom received BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1. Headache was generally the third most common AE: it was detected in 22% (95% CI 18–27%) of subjects after the first dose of vaccine and in 29% (95% CI 23–35%) after the second, with an extreme heterogeneity. Those receiving placebo reported headache in 10–12% of cases. No differences were detected across different vaccines or by mRNA-based vs. “traditional” ones. None of the studies reported information on headache features. A lower prevalence of headache after the first injection of BNT162b2 among older participants was shown. Conclusions Our results show that vaccines are associated to a two-fold risk of developing headache within 7 days from injection, and the lack of difference between vaccine types enable to hypothesize that headache is secondary to systemic immunological reaction than to a vaccine-type specific reaction. Some descriptions report onset within the first 24 h and that in around one-third of the cases, headache has migraine-like features with pulsating quality, phono and photophobia; in 40–60% of the cases aggravation with activity is observed. The majority of patients used some medication to treat headache, the one perceived as the most effective being acetylsalicylic acid

Headache onset after vaccination against SARS-CoV-2: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis

Abstract Background Vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are used to reduce the risk of developing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Despite the significant benefits in terms of reduced risk of hospitalization and death, different adverse events may present after vaccination: among them, headache is one of the most common, but nowadays there is no summary presentation of its incidence and no description of its main features. Methods We searched PubMed and EMBASE covering the period between January 1st 2020 and August 6th, 2021, looking for record in English and with an abstract and using three main search terms (with specific variations): COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2; Vaccination; headache/adverse events. We selected manuscript including information on subjects developing headache after injection, and such information had to be derived from a structured form (i.e. no free reporting). Pooled estimates and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Analyses were carried out by vaccine vs. placebo, by first vs. second dose, and by mRNA-based vs. “traditional” vaccines; finally, we addressed the impact of age and gender on post-vaccine headache onset. Results Out of 9338 records, 84 papers were included in the review, accounting for 1.57 million participants, 94% of whom received BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1. Headache was generally the third most common AE: it was detected in 22% (95% CI 18–27%) of subjects after the first dose of vaccine and in 29% (95% CI 23–35%) after the second, with an extreme heterogeneity. Those receiving placebo reported headache in 10–12% of cases. No differences were detected across different vaccines or by mRNA-based vs. “traditional” ones. None of the studies reported information on headache features. A lower prevalence of headache after the first injection of BNT162b2 among older participants was shown. Conclusions Our results show that vaccines are associated to a two-fold risk of developing headache within 7 days from injection, and the lack of difference between vaccine types enable to hypothesize that headache is secondary to systemic immunological reaction than to a vaccine-type specific reaction. Some descriptions report onset within the first 24 h and that in around one-third of the cases, headache has migraine-like features with pulsating quality, phono and photophobia; in 40–60% of the cases aggravation with activity is observed. The majority of patients used some medication to treat headache, the one perceived as the most effective being acetylsalicylic acid

Headache onset after vaccination against SARS-CoV-2: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis

Abstract Background Vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are used to reduce the risk of developing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Despite the significant benefits in terms of reduced risk of hospitalization and death, different adverse events may present after vaccination: among them, headache is one of the most common, but nowadays there is no summary presentation of its incidence and no description of its main features. Methods We searched PubMed and EMBASE covering the period between January 1st 2020 and August 6th, 2021, looking for record in English and with an abstract and using three main search terms (with specific variations): COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2; Vaccination; headache/adverse events. We selected manuscript including information on subjects developing headache after injection, and such information had to be derived from a structured form (i.e. no free reporting). Pooled estimates and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Analyses were carried out by vaccine vs. placebo, by first vs. second dose, and by mRNA-based vs. “traditional” vaccines; finally, we addressed the impact of age and gender on post-vaccine headache onset. Results Out of 9338 records, 84 papers were included in the review, accounting for 1.57 million participants, 94% of whom received BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1. Headache was generally the third most common AE: it was detected in 22% (95% CI 18–27%) of subjects after the first dose of vaccine and in 29% (95% CI 23–35%) after the second, with an extreme heterogeneity. Those receiving placebo reported headache in 10–12% of cases. No differences were detected across different vaccines or by mRNA-based vs. “traditional” ones. None of the studies reported information on headache features. A lower prevalence of headache after the first injection of BNT162b2 among older participants was shown. Conclusions Our results show that vaccines are associated to a two-fold risk of developing headache within 7 days from injection, and the lack of difference between vaccine types enable to hypothesize that headache is secondary to systemic immunological reaction than to a vaccine-type specific reaction. Some descriptions report onset within the first 24 h and that in around one-third of the cases, headache has migraine-like features with pulsating quality, phono and photophobia; in 40–60% of the cases aggravation with activity is observed. The majority of patients used some medication to treat headache, the one perceived as the most effective being acetylsalicylic acid

sj-pdf-1-cep-10.1177_0333102420965139 - Supplemental material for I stay at home with headache. A survey to investigate how the lockdown for COVID-19 impacted on headache in Italian children

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-cep-10.1177_0333102420965139 for I stay at home with headache. A survey to investigate how the lockdown for COVID-19 impacted on headache in Italian children by Laura Papetti, Pierfrancesco Alaimo Di Loro, Samuela Tarantino, Licia Grazzi, Vincenzo Guidetti, Pasquale Parisi, Vincenzo Raieli, Vittorio Sciruicchio, Cristiano Termine, Irene Toldo, Elisabetta Tozzi, Paola Verdecchia, Marco Carotenuto, Matteo Battisti, Angela Celi, Daniela D'Agnano, Noemi Faedda, Michela AN Ferilli, Giovanni Grillo, Giulia Natalucci, Agnese Onofri, Maria Federica Pelizza, Fabiana Ursitti, Michelangelo Vasta, Margherita Velardi, Martina Balestri, Romina Moavero, Federico Vigevano and, Massimiliano Valeriani; on behalf of the Italian Headache Society (SISC) specific interest group on pediatric headaches in Cephalalgi

Data from: "Transcriptome resources for two non-model freshwater crustacean species" in Genomic Resources Notes accepted 1 October 2014 to 30 November 2014

The aim of this study was to characterize the whole transcriptomes of two common Mediterranean freshwater crustaceans: the copepod Eucyclops serrulatus (Fischer, 1851) and the amphipod Echinogammarus veneris Heller, 1865. Whole transcriptomic approaches may assist in studying the response to environmental pollution of species with little or no available genomic information, allowing the identification of genes involved in adaptation processes to polluted environments that can be studied in expression profile variation at a later stage. Further studies based on our results may allow for a more comprehensive overview of how freshwater crustaceans react to specific stressors, both from surface and groundwater habitats, where sub-lethal concentrations of individual stressors may become harmful when combined