Genetic Diversity and Association Analysis in Upland Cotton Cultivars

An experiment to find out the genetic diversity, correlation and regression coefficient of seed cotton yield with different qualitative and yield related morphological attributes in eight upland cotton cultivars was carried out at Cotton Research Station, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan during April 2015. The cultivars viz; Cris-342, Cris-134, Cris-129, Gomal-93, Israr Shaheed, SLH-317, DNH-57 and CIM-573 were sown in a randomized complete block (RCB) design having three replications. All the cultivars revealed highly significant (P≤0.01) differences for seed cotton yield whereas boll weight, number of bolls plant-1, sympodial Internodal length and number of fruiting position on sympodia depicted significant (P≤0.05) differences while plant height, length of sympodia and height of first sympodia were having non-significant differences in mean values. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) were significant, positive and highest between seed cotton yield and plant height (0.702), number of bolls plant-1 (0.813) and boll weight (0.775). Regression analysis revealed that plant height (R2= 0.493), boll weight (R2=0.60) and number of bolls plant-1 (R2=0.661) significantly (P≤0.05) contributed in the seed cotton yield. The information generated hence may be utilized for hybridization between genotypes for the creation of genetic variability in cotton. Keywords: correlation, genetic diversity, hirsutum, regression coefficient

Genetic Diversity and Association Analysis in Upland Cotton Cultivars

An experiment to find out the genetic diversity, correlation and regression coefficient of seed cotton yield with different qualitative and yield related morphological attributes in eight upland cotton cultivars was carried out at Cotton Research Station, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan during April 2015. The cultivars viz; Cris-342, Cris-134, Cris-129, Gomal-93, Israr Shaheed, SLH-317, DNH-57 and CIM-573 were sown in a randomized complete block (RCB) design having three replications. All the cultivars revealed highly significant (P≤0.01) differences for seed cotton yield whereas boll weight, number of bolls plant-1, sympodial Internodal length and number of fruiting position on sympodia depicted significant (P≤0.05) differences while plant height, length of sympodia and height of first sympodia were having non-significant differences in mean values. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) were significant, positive and highest between seed cotton yield and plant height (0.702), number of bolls plant-1 (0.813) and boll weight (0.775). Regression analysis revealed that plant height (R2= 0.493), boll weight (R2=0.60) and number of bolls plant-1 (R2=0.661) significantly (P≤0.05) contributed in the seed cotton yield. The information generated hence may be utilized for hybridization between genotypes for the creation of genetic variability in cotton. Keywords: correlation, genetic diversity, hirsutum, regression coefficien

Condonation of Delay and Assurance of Justice: An overview

Law of Limitation is based on the legal maxim “Interest Reipublicae Ut Sit Finis Litium” that means it is for the general rule of the welfare that a period be put to litigation. It is a general principle of law that law is made to protect only diligent and vigilant people but not the indolent. Law will not protect those people who are careless about their rights. The Law of Limitation prescribes the time-limit for different suits within which an aggrieved person can approach the court for redress or justice. The suit, if filed after the exploration of time-limit, is struck by the law of limitation. The concept is that every legal remedy must be kept alive for a legislatively fixed period of time. While condoning the delay, the court should not forget the opposite party altogether. It must be borne in mind that he is a loser and he too would have incurred quite large litigation expenses. This article mainly focuses on the fact that how section 5 of the Limitation Act, 1908 saves the rights and interests of the litigants who have failed to file the proceedings within the prescribed period of limitation. In this paper efforts have been made to examine the factors or causes which may be shown as sufficient causes to satisfy the court for condoning the delay and which unable the applicant to approach before the court within the statutory period. It has also been tried to develop a comprehensive idea for understanding the fact that condonation of delay is a matter of discretion of the court and no one can claim it as of right. Keywords: Sufficient Cause, Discretion of the Court, Negligence, Explanation of delay, Government

Public Spending and Economic Growth: Empirical Investigation in the Context of Pakistan

Purpose of the study is to empirically examine the hypothesis; either public spending stimulates economic growth in the context of emerging economy like Pakistan.  Government expenditures studied in this paper includes capital expenditure, education expenditure and interest payments. All these explanatory variables were regressed on economic growth; the proxy used for economic growth is GDP growth. Thirty years data is used in this study from 1980 to 2010; it was passed through unit root tests to check stationary of the data which was found stationary at level. The results found consistent with some previous studied, there were found negative link between the spending on the education sector and economic growth. In the current study no significant link is found between development expenditure and economic growth. However the findings of the study reveals that interest rate negatively affect economic growth. Keywords: Keynesian Hypothesis, Capital expenditure, interest payments, economic growt

Exploring the Field Assistant’s Activities for Sustainable Development in District Tank, Pakistan

To explore the Field Assistant’s (FA) activities for sustainable development in district Tank, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan the present study was conducted during year 2015. Based on guess variability 270 respondents were selected from nine sampled villages Viz. Abizar, Akbari, Amakhel, Gul Imam, Kaka Khel, Kari Shahnoor, Kot Azam, Kiri Haidar and Umar Ada. Data was collected through well structured, pre-tested interview schedule using personal interview method. It was found that that Field Assistants (FAs) provides new information (175 respondents). It was also found that FAs were available at their offices (164) and farmers were satisfied from the solution recommended by FAs, of the problem they reported (159). Chi-square test results showed highly significant (P≤0.01) association among land holding with FAs office visits by farmers and FAs visits to farmer’s fields. Similarly highly significant (P≤0.01) association of age was also observed with FAs visit to field. Highly significant (P≤0.01) positive correlation of provision of new knowledge by FAs was also observed with benefits from recommendation of FAs (0.586) and demonstrations (0.61) conducted by FAs. It is concluded that apart from non-availability of proper facilities for FAs they were indulge in performing their duties to their level best. Majority of respondents appreciate their work in improving their knowledge of agriculture, solving their problems, increasing their productivity, uplift of their life and thus results in sustainable development. Keywords: Field Assistants; Sustainable Development; Field Visit

INFLUENCE OF AGRICULTURE EXTENSION SERVICES AND FARMER’S SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS ON ADOPTION OF DATE PALM (Phoenix dactylifera L.) IN DISTRICT DERA ISMAIL KHAN, PAKISTAN

This study was conducted in the major date producing areas (Dakki, Mian Wada, Mathra Abad, Jhok Ghamy Wali, Habib Abad, Bilot Sharif, Himat, Jhok Moazam, Matwala Shah, Chura and Jhok Malkanri) of the district Dera Ismail Khan, by personal interview method from a sample of 51 respondents selected from these areas for quantitative data collection. Most of the respondents have a secondary and higher secondary level of education (39.2%, 33.3%) respectively. 51% respondents has more than 200 kanals land. It was also found that this category (having more than 200 kanals) have higher secondary level of education. Majority of the respondents have no other source of income (74.5%). The grower’s percentage increased gradually and at present 37.2% respondents were attached with date palm cultivation since last 5-10 years whereas 27% were growing date palm from last 20 years. 84% respondents cultivate the “Dakki” cultivar which is one of the most profitable date cultivar but majority of the respondents (74%) got knowledge about enhanced varieties from their fellow farmers and only 22% respondents were educated by extension workers. 77.3% respondents were facing the problems of insect/pest attack but only 54.9% of the selected respondents apply the plant protection measures.  Although, all the farmers were satisfied from their date palm production, still 41.5% were expecting to get help from extension department about insects/pest and rodent control while 17% respondents expect others type of help from extension department (inputs). Key words:            Date palm, extension services, socio-economic characters, personal interview

Empirical Investigation of a Relationship between Islamic Work Ethics and Work Outcomes

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Islamic work ethic on work outcomes (job satisfaction, organizational commitment and turnover intention and job involvement). The study used a sample of 100 employees with response rate of 79 percent. The respondents were the employees of two commercial banks of Pakistan. SPSS 16.0 was used to examine the relationship between variables. The empirical testing indicates that Islamic work ethics has positive effects on job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job involvement; whereas there is no significant evidence of the effect of Islamic work ethic on turnover intention. Keywords: Islamic Work Ethics, Job Satisfaction, Organisational Commitment, Job Involvemen

Osmosis: Chewy naked egg, in or out?

The experimental method is the right way to learn biology. Osmosis is an important biological concept that can be used to understand other biology concepts and requires experimental activities so students can understand it better. The implementation of experimental activities will be guided by a digitalbased Student Worksheet (E-LKPD ECO). This study aimed to develop LKPD-EC on osmosis experiments with chicken egg media for class XI students. This research is development research (RnD) using a four-D model, namely the definition, design, development, and Disseminate phases. However, this development is only limited to the development stage because this research is only to see the feasibility of LKPD-EC media. Good validation results from experts score 89.08% of the assessment of material experts and media experts and 92.63% of student responses with very decent criteria. From these data, the development of Experimental Student Worksheets (LKPD-EC) on the Osmosis Experiment is very feasible to be used as an alternative in the learning process so that it can be tested in supporting the maximum learning process

Debt capacity, debt choice, and underinvestment problem: Evidence from China

This study investigates how short-term debt and debt capacity help firms to make efficient financing decisions and reduce underinvestment problem. The sample includes Chinese nonfinancial firms listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges over the period 2007 to 2017. The findings indicate that short-term debt is positively related to leverage. The results also indicate that growth positively influences leverage. The results further show that short-term debt enhances the positive impact of growth on leverage. These findings reveal that short-term debt makes firms financially flexible, and allows them to obtain more cost-effective debt by repricing and renegotiation of debt contracts in the presence of valuable growth opportunities. Furthermore, the results illustrate that debt capacity is positively associated with leverage, suggesting that debt capacity helps firms to have an easy access to the credit market and reduce liquidity risk. Overall, the findings remain consistent across different types of firms (state-owned [S.O.E.] and non-state-owned enterprises [N.S.O.E.]) and by considering alternative proxy of growth

DETERMINANTS OF REAL EXCHANGE RATE MOVEMENTS IN SOUTH ASIAN COUNTRIES: AN EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE

This study investigates the determinants of real exchange ratemovements in South Asian Countries. The determinants which are examined in the study are fiscal, monetary and other (stock returns, real income and political stability). Panel data of 15 years from 1998 to 2012 has been used in the study, where four cross sections are included. Multicollinearity test, panel unit root tests, Kao’s cointegration test and FMOLS (fully modified ordinary least square) are applied in the study. All the variables are found stationary at first difference although Kao’s cointegration test results are not found favorable for co-integration. However, FMOLS results are in favor of co-integration. Some variables are proved to have opposite direction as expected although they are found consistent with some previous studies