Czy ubezpieczonemu przysługuje status konsumenta w świetle przepisów kodeksu cywilnego?

W umowie ubezpieczenia na cudzy rachunek, obok ubezpieczającego i ubezpieczyciela pojawia się ubezpieczony, który nie jest stroną umowy ubezpieczenia, jednak to jego interes ubezpieczeniowy podlega ochronie z niej wynikającej. Jednocześnie ubezpieczony, którym często jest osoba fizyczna, jest niewątpliwie słabszym podmiotem tak ukształtowanego stosunku ubezpieczenia i powinna obejmować go ochrona konsumencka analogiczna do przysługującej w typowej umowie ubezpieczenia ubezpieczającemu będącemu konsumentem. Z uwagi jednak na to, że ubezpieczony nie jest stroną umowy ubezpieczenia, pojawiają się wątpliwości czy w świetle regulacji przyjętej w polskim kodeksie cywilnym przysługuje mu status konsumenta. Niniejszy artykuł stara się odpowiedzieć na tak postawione pytanie, w głównej mierze opierając się na przyjętych w judykaturze propozycjach i rozwiązaniach

Udział Politechniki Łódzkiej w programie IAEA

Autorzy artykułu są pracownikami : Izabella Krucińska - Instytut Materiałoznawstwa Tekstyliów i Kompozytów Polimerowych ; Wydział Technologii Materiałowych i Wzornictwa Tekstyliów ; Politechnika Łódzka Piotr Ulański - Międzyresortowy Instytut Techniki Radiacyjnej - Wydział Chemiczny Politechniki ŁódzkiejArtykuł zamieszczony jest w : Życie Uczelni : biuletyn informacyjny Politechniki Łódzkiej nr 152, lipiec 2020Po wybuchu pandemii COVID-19 problemem w skali międzynarodowej stały się braki w zaopatrzeniu personelu medycznego, a także ogółu społeczeństwa, w sprzęt ochronny, między innymi maski ochronne. Powstało pytanie, czy komercyjnie dostępne typowe maski (z natury jednorazowe) z włókniny polipropylenowej mogą być w razie potrzeby sterylizowane i używane wielokrotnie

Graphene on quartz modified with rhenium oxide as a semitransparent electrode for organic electronic

Our research shows that commercially available graphene on quartz modified with rhenium oxide meets the requirements for its use as a conductive and transparent anode in optoelectronic devices. The cluster growth of rhenium oxide enables an increase in the work function of graphene by 1.3 eV up to 5.2 eV, which guarantees an appropriate adjustment to the energy levels of the organic semiconductors used in OLED devices.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figure

IAEA Contribution to Nanosized Targeted Radiopharmaceuticals for Drug Delivery

The rapidly growing interest in the application of nanoscience in the future design of radiopharmaceuticals and the development of nanosized radiopharmaceuticals in the late 2000 ' s, resulted in the creation of a Coordinated Research Project (CRP) by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in 2014. This CRP entitled 'Nanosized delivery systems for radiopharmaceuticals' involved a team of expert scientist from various member states. This team of scientists worked on a number of cutting-edge areas of nanoscience with a focus on developing well-defined, highly effective and site-specific delivery systems of radiopharmaceuticals. Specifically, focus areas of various teams of scientists comprised of the development of nanoparticles (NPs) based on metals, polymers, and gels, and their conjugation/encapsulation or decoration with various tumor avid ligands such as peptides, folates, and small molecule phytochemicals. The research and development efforts also comprised of developing optimum radiolabeling methods of various nano vectors using diagnostic and therapeutic radionuclides including Tc-99m, Ga-68, Lu-177 and Au-198. Concerted efforts of teams of scientists within this CRP has resulted in the development of various protocols and guidelines on delivery systems of nanoradiopharmaceuticals, training of numerous graduate students/post-doctoral fellows and publications in peer reviewed journals while establishing numerous productive scientific networks in various participating member states. Some of the innovative nanoconstructs were chosen for further preclinical applications-all aimed at ultimate clinical translation for treating human cancer patients. This review article summarizes outcomes of this major international scientific endeavor

Preparation of carboxymethyl sago pulp hydrogel from sago waste by electron beam irradiation and swelling behavior in water and various pH media.

Solutions of carboxymethyl sago pulp (CMSP) of various degree of substitution were irradiated with electron beam of various radiation doses. The gelation dose (Dg) and po/qo ratio (po is degradation density, qo is crosslinking density) is dependent on CMSP concentration and degree of substitution. In the range of concentrations of 10% to 80% (w/v) CMSP with degree of substitutions of 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8, the po/qo ratio decreases with increasing %CMSP showing that crosslinking processes are dominating and increasing the gel network of the CMSP hydrogel. The fourier transform infrared spectra of CMSP hydrogels of degree of substitutions of 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 with percentage of gel fractions 25, 35, and ≥ 40 show differences in the intensity of the absorption bands at 1020–1100, 1326, and 1422 cm−1 with different degree of substitutions and percentage of gel fraction (%GF) that correspond to different extents of chain scission and crosslinking. The swelling behavior in water shows that CMSP hydrogels could absorb 3500–5300% of water by 1 g of CMSP hydrogel. The ability to absorb water increases with the decrease of degree of substitution and %GF of the CMSP hydrogels. It is also observed that the optimum pH for swelling CMSP hydrogel is at pH 7

Polymers with π-Electrons Delocalised along Pendant Group Stacks

Recently developed photoconductive polymer systems, polyparacyclophanes doped with low-molecular-weight acceptors, combine high charge carrier mobility provided by extended π-electron systems along cofacially arrayed aromatic rings, with effective photogeneration in visible range due to formation of charge-transfer complexes with the dopants. In a series of polyparacyclophane complexed with different benzoquinones it was found that the photoconductivity gain coefficient in the visible range increases with increasing electron affinity of the dopant and that the gain coefficient is higher for higher dopant concentration. The influence of the charge-transfer complex formation between various polyparacyclophanes and various acceptors on the charge carrier generation both in the dark and under illumination is discussed

Recombination of Poly(Acrylic Acid) Radicals in Acidic Aqueous Solutions: A Pulse Radiolysis Study

Carbon-centered radicals have been randomly generated on the chains of poly(acrylic acid), PAA, the simplest synthetic anionic polyelectrolyte, by pulse-irradiating its dilute, oxygen-free aqueous solutions by 6 MeV electron beam. In some experiments, oligo(acrylic acid), OAA, and propionic acid, PA, were used as PAA models. Recombination kinetics of PAA radicals has been followed by fast spectrophotometry. A strong pH dependence of radical lifetime on pH, and thus on the linear charge density due to deprotonated carboxylate groups, has been confirmed, while a weaker amplitude of pH dependence was observed for OAA and PA. Decay kinetics of PAA radicals in the protonated state, at pH 2, have been studied in some detail. At moderate doses of ionizing radiation, resulting in a moderate average initial number of radicals per chain, ZR0, the decay can be satisfactorily described by a second-order kinetic model, but a somewhat better fit is obtained by using a dispersive kinetics approach. While for a constant polymer concentration the reciprocal half-lives are proportional to the initial radical concentrations, such a data series for different PAA concentrations do not overlap, indicating that the overall radical concentration is not the decisive factor controlling the kinetics. Arranging all data, in the form of second-order rate constants, as a function of the average initial number of radicals per chain allows one to obtain a common dependence. The latter seems to consist of two parts: a horizontal one at low ZR0 and another one of positive slope at higher ZR0. This is interpreted as two kinetic regimes where two distinct reactions dominate, intermolecular and intramolecular recombination, respectively. Comparison of the low ZR0 data with calculations based on the translational diffusion model indicate that the latter is not the rate-controlling process in intermolecular recombination of polymer radicals; segmental diffusion is the more likely candidate