Production and Evaluation of Sport Drink from Coconut Juice and Watermelon Juice

In this experiment a sport drink was developed from coconut water and water melon juice. Six formulations were made designated SD1, SD2, SD3, SD4, SD5, and SD6 at the ratio of 100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50 respectively and sensory evaluation carried out. Sample SD1 scored best for taste (1.58 ±0.50), SD2 was preferred for aroma (3.30±1.26), and sample SD6 had the highest for appearance and general acceptability. Four best formulations were taken from the sensory evaluation results, (SD1, SD2, SD5 and SD6) and subjected to various analyses including proximate composition, mineral, vitamin C, total sugars, total solids and microbial safety using standard methods. Results of the proximate analysis showed a decrease in moisture content (94.99±0.05 to 94.56±0.04) protein, (0.72±0.02 to 0.65.0.01), lipid(0.20+0.01 to 0.16±0.01) and increase in fibre content (1.2±0.02  to 1.24±0.02) ,ash (0.35±0.01 to 0.43±0.01), and  carbohydrate (2.62±0.02 to 2.96±0.03). There was a gradual decrease in the mineral content; the highest being potassium (223.18±0.08 to 193.00±0.02). The vitamin C content and total sugars in the formulated sport drink increased from (119.70±0.02 to 449.07±0.04) and (3.82±0.03 to 6.89±0.04) respectively, while the total solids decreased from 9.85±0.03 to 8.92±0.02. From the result of this experiment, sample SD6 (50% each of coconut juice and watermelon juice) gave values as the most preferred formulation for a good sport drink. Keywords: Coconut juice, watermelon juice, sensory evaluation, formulation, sport drin

Domestic Solid Waste Management in a Rapidly Growing Nigerian City of Uyo

This paper investigated domestic waste management procedures in the fast growing Nigerian city of Uyo. The city of Uyo was demarcated into three Zones A, B and C respectively representing high, medium and low income residential areas. The quantity and classes of waste generated in the city were measured. Using questionnaire, relevant information on waste storage, collection, disposal and re-cycling were obtained. The result showed a marked variation in domestic waste types generated across the three zones reflecting the income levels of the inhabitants. The highest total weights were generated in the middle income zone while the lowest values were reported in the low income zone where waste storage in polythene bags was also common. Daily collection of waste was confirmed in the high income zone whereas waste littering characterized by overfilled receptacles was common in the middle and the low income zones respectively. Waste dumping in drain/gutters was the major feature of zones B and C and because less reusable materials formed a greater part of the waste generated in this zone, the activities of scavengers dropped compared to Zone A where more reusable waste was generated. A number of recommendations were made to help improve domestic waste management in the city. These included, among others, the closure of all waste dump sites without liners and the establishment of sanitary landfills for the city in addition to encouraging both private agencies and informal labour waste collection activities

Violence Against Mental Health Staff in Nigeria: Some Lessons from Two Mental Hospitals

Background: Psychiatric patient violence against staff is frequentlyencountered in mental health settings. Studies from Africa and Nigeria inparticular are few.Aim: The study aimed at comparing the frequency and type of physicalassaults by individuals with mental illness against staff working in twomental hospitals in Nigeria with a view to identifying some staff contextualvariables that could predispose them to these assaults.Methods: The study was a crosssectional descriptive report by questionnaire survey of physical assaults on 189 staff members(doctors and nurses) working at the Federal Neuropsychiatry Hospital,Yaba (FNHY), Lagos and Federal Neuropsychiatry Hospital Calabar(FNHC), Nigeria.Results : One hundred and twelve participants from the two hospitalswere victims of 202 assaults. Staff of FNHC experienced more assaults(70.4%) than staff of FNHY (49.5%), and this was significant. Nursing staffwere more frequently assaulted than doctors for the two hospitals. Eventhough staff of FNHC attended fewer courses on management andprevention of violence than staff of FNHY, not having received training inmanaging patient violence and gender were not significant risk factors forexposure to patient violence in a multivariate analysis.Conclusion. There is a need to formulate policies and guidelines forthe management and prevention of psychiatric patient violence againststaff in our mental health institutions