4 research outputs found
Heterogeneously Catalyzed Hydroprocessing of Organosolv Lignin in Sub- and Supercritical Solvents
A highly effective method for catalytic hydroprocessing of lignin to liquid products has been developed in supercritical ethanol (scEtOH) medium at moderate reaction conditions. The problems associated with the low lignin conversion (<20%) and char formation at higher temperatures in hot compressed water (HCW) were overcome in scEtOH. A significant increase in the calculated āhigher heating valueā (HHV) of the formed liquid was observed in a reaction using a heterogeneous catalyst compared to a reaction without a catalyst. The liquid product contains mainly substituted phenols, such as guaiacols and syringols, as major components. On the basis of the product distribution, a possible reaction pathway for the formation of the phenolic products is described. A maximum HHV up to 36.2 MJ/kg was calculated for a product obtained over 5% Ru/Ī³-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> at 300 Ā°C after 20 h of reaction time. Lignin conversion of ca. 98% was observed. The yield for the liquid product reached values up to 92%
Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO<sub><i>x</i></sub> of Ship Diesel Engine Exhaust Gas with C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6</sub> over Cu/Y Zeolite
Various
solid Cu-containing catalysts were prepared. Their performance
in the selective catalytic reduction of NO<sub><i>x</i></sub> using propene as reducing agent from 150 to 450 Ā°C in an O<sub>2</sub>-rich model exhaust gas in the presence of water vapor was
investigated. This research aimed at the development of a catalytic
NO<sub><i>x</i></sub> to N<sub>2</sub> (DeNO<sub><i>x</i></sub>) step to be part of a ship diesel exhaust abatement
system in combination with other techniques, such as nonthermal plasma.
Among the catalysts tested, Cu on zeolite Y with an optimized load
of 16 wt % (denoted as 16Cu/Y) displayed excellent DeNO<sub><i>x</i></sub> activity with highest selectivity toward N<sub>2</sub> at 290 Ā°C. The influence of other variables, such as Cu load,
calcination temperature, feed composition, and GHSV on the performance
of 16Cu/Y was studied, as well. The highest N<sub>2</sub> yield of
98% was achieved using 2000 ppm of propene in the gas feed. The presence
of O<sub>2</sub> proved to be a crucial factor for promoting the selective
reduction of NO<sub><i>x</i></sub> with C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6</sub> over this catalyst. On the other hand, the presence of water
in the feed decreased NO<sub><i>x</i></sub> to N<sub>2</sub> conversion. However, the catalyst showed excellent stability over
120 h, even at high water concentration, and also after repeated heating
from ambient temperature to 450 Ā°C, and it was reusable after
downtimes without remarkable loss in activity. The nature of the Cu
species was studied by XPS, XRD, and TPR experiments
Efficient VO<sub><i>x</i></sub>/Ce<sub>1ā<i>x</i></sub>Ti<sub><i>x</i></sub>O<sub>2</sub> Catalysts for Low-Temperature NH<sub>3</sub>āSCR: Reaction Mechanism and Active Sites Assessed by in Situ/Operando Spectroscopy
Supported V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>/Ce<sub>1ā<i>x</i></sub>Ti<sub><i>x</i></sub>O<sub>2</sub> (3, 5, and 7 wt
% V; <i>x</i> = 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1) and bare supports have
been tested in the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO by NH<sub>3</sub> at different gas hourly space velocities (GHSVs) and were
comprehensively characterized using XRD, pseudo in situ XPS, and UVāvis
DRS as well as EPR and DRIFTS in in situ and operando mode. The best
V/Ce<sub>1ā<i>x</i></sub>Ti<sub><i>x</i></sub>O<sub>2</sub> (<i>x</i> = 0.3, 0.5) catalysts showed
almost 100% NO conversion and N<sub>2</sub> selectivity already at
190 Ā°C with a GHSV value of 70000 h<sup>ā1</sup>, which
belongs to the best performances observed so far in low-temperature
NH<sub>3</sub>-SCR of NO. The corresponding bare supports still converted
around 80% to N<sub>2</sub> under the same conditions. On bare supports,
SCR proceeds via a LangmuirāHinshelwood mechanism comprising
the reaction of adsorbed surface nitrates with adsorbed NH<sub>3</sub>. On V/Ce<sub>1ā<i>x</i></sub>Ti<sub><i>x</i></sub>O<sub>2</sub>, nitrate formation is not possible, and an EleyāRideal
mechanism is working in which gaseous NO reacts with adsorbed NH<sub>3</sub> and NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>. Lewis and BrĆønsted acid
sites, though adsorption of NH<sub>3</sub>, do not scale with the
catalytic activity, which is governed rather by the redox ability
of the materials. This is boosted in the supports by replacing Ce
with the more redox active Ti and in catalysts by tight connection
of vanadyl species via O bridges to the support surface forming āCeāOāVĀ(ī»O)āOāTiā
units in which the equilibrium valence state of V under reaction conditions
is close to +5
Hierarchical ZSMā5 Materials for an Enhanced Formation of Gasoline-Range Hydrocarbons and Light Olefins in Catalytic Cracking of Triglyceride-Rich Biomass
A hierarchical ZSM-5 material with
a high fraction of mesoporosity
coupled to well-preserved intrinsic zeolite characteristics has been
successfully prepared by postsynthesis modifications involving optimization
of base treatment and subsequent strong acid washing of commercial
Al-rich ZSM-5 (parent ZSM-5). The resulting hierarchical ZSM-5 material
was thoroughly characterized before being tested in the cracking of
triglyceride-rich biomass, i.e., model feedstock triolein and real
feedstock waste cooking oil under fluid catalytic cracking conditions.
The results show that the introduction of intracrystalline mesoporosity
enhances the utilization of zeolite acid sites by the enlarged external
surface, leading to an increased conversion. At the same time, it
partially suppresses the undesired secondary reactions by shortening
micropore diffusion path lengths. With such a hierarchical ZSM-5 material,
higher selectivities toward the desired products, i.e., gasoline-range
hydrocarbons and light olefins, than with commercial ZSM-5 have been
achieved