New Developments in Charge Transfer Multiplet Calculations: Projection Operations, Mixed-Spin States and pi-Bonding

This paper presents a number of new additions to the charge transfer multiplet calculations as used in the calculation of L edge X-ray absorption spectra of 3d and 4d transition metal systems, both oxides and coordination compounds. The focus of the paper is on the consequences of the optimized spectral simulations for the ground state, where we make use of a recently developed projection technique. This method is also used to develop the concept of a mixed-spin ground state, i.e. a state that is a mixture of a high-spin and low-spin state due to spin-orbit coupling combined with strong covalency. The charge transfer mechanism to describe {pi}-bonding uses the mixing of the metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) channel in addition to the normal CT channel and allows for the accurate simulation of {pi}-bonding systems, for example cyanides

The historical origins of corruption in the developing world: a comparative analysis of East Asia

A new approach has emerged in the literature on corruption in the developing world that breaks with the assumption that corruption is driven by individualistic self-interest and, instead, conceptualizes corruption as an informal system of norms and practices. While this emerging neo-institutionalist approach has done much to further our understanding of corruption in the developing world, one key question has received relatively little attention: how do we explain differences in the institutionalization of corruption between developing countries? The paper here addresses this question through a systematic comparison of seven developing and newly industrialized countries in East Asia. The argument that emerges through this analysis is that historical sequencing mattered: countries in which the "political marketplace" had gone through a process of concentration before universal suffrage was introduced are now marked by less harmful types of corruption than countries where mass voting rights where rolled out in a context of fragmented political marketplaces. The paper concludes by demonstrating that this argument can be generalized to the developing world as a whole

XMM-Newton Spectroscopy of the Cluster of Galaxies 2a 0335+096

We present here the results of a deep (130 ks) XMM-Newton observation of the cluster of galaxies 2A 0335+096. The deep exposure allows us to study in detail its temperature structure and its elemental abundances. We fit three different thermal models and find that the multi-temperature wdem model fits our data best. We find that the abundance structure of the cluster is consistent with a scenario where the relative number of Type Ia supernovae contributing to the enrichment of the intra-cluster medium is {approx}25%, while the relative number of core collapse supernovae is {approx}75%. Comparison of the observed abundances to the supernova yields does not allow us to put any constrains on the contribution of Pop III stars to the enrichment of the ICM. Radial abundance profiles show a strong central peak of both Type Ia and core collapse supernova products. Both the temperature and iron abundance maps show an asymmetry in the direction of the elongated morphology of the surface brightness. In particular the temperature map shows a sharp change over a brightness edge on the southern side of the core, which was identified as a cold front in the Chandra data. This suggests that the cluster is in the process of a merger with a subcluster. Moreover, we find that the blobs or filaments discovered in the core of the cluster by Chandra are, contrary to the previous results, colder than the ambient gas and they appear to be in pressure equilibrium with their environment

Musica devota - Musik in Handschriften und Drucken aus dem Umkreis der Devotio Moderna - Version Januar 2014

The goal of this website is to collect and present sources of music of the Devotio Moderna, which are usually scattered in convolutes and other hardly accessible places. The website contains both liturgical and paraliturgical sources. At this moment, books of hours are not included, nor are liturgical manuscripts that were only decorated, not written in Devotio Moderna houses. Das Ziel dieser Website ist es, Quellen für die Musik der Devotio Moderna, die sich zum Teil verstreut in Konvoluten und an anderen schwer zugänglichen Orten befindet, zu sammeln und Interessenten zu präsentieren. Dabei werden liturgische Quellen ebenso wie paraliturgische berücksichtigt. Vorläufig nicht aufgenommen sind Stundenbücher. Ebensowenig sind liturgische Handschriften, die in Häusern der Devotio Moderna nur dekoriert wurden, aufgenommen

Musica devota - Musik in Handschriften und Drucken aus dem Umkreis der Devotio Moderna - Version Januar 2019

The goal of this website is to collect and present sources of music of the Devotio Moderna, which are usually scattered in convolutes and other hardly accessible places. The website contains both liturgical and paraliturgical sources. At this moment, books of hours are not included, nor are liturgical manuscripts that were only decorated, not written in Devotio Moderna houses. Das Ziel dieser Website ist es, Quellen für die Musik der Devotio Moderna, die sich zum Teil verstreut in Konvoluten und an anderen schwer zugänglichen Orten befindet, zu sammeln und Interessenten zu präsentieren. Dabei werden liturgische Quellen ebenso wie paraliturgische berücksichtigt. Vorläufig nicht aufgenommen sind Stundenbücher. Ebensowenig sind liturgische Handschriften, die in Häusern der Devotio Moderna nur dekoriert wurden, aufgenommen

Priming in plant-pathogen interactions.

Plants can acquire enhanced resistance to pathogens after treatment with necrotizing attackers, nonpathogenic root-colonizing pseudomonads, salicylic acid, beta-aminobutyric acid and many other natural or synthetic compounds. The induced resistance is often associated with an enhanced capacity to mobilize infection-induced cellular defence responses - a process called 'priming'. Although the phenomenon has been known for years, most progress in our understanding of priming has been made only recently. These studies show that priming often depends on the induced disease resistance key regulator NPR1 (also known as NIM1 or SAI1) and that priming has a major effect on the regulation of cellular plant defence responses

The O VII X-Ray Forest Toward Markarian 421: Consistency between XMM-Newton and Chandra

Recently the first detections of highly ionized gas associated with two Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium (WHIM) filaments have been reported. The evidence is based on X-ray absorption lines due to O VII and other ions observed by Chandra towards the bright blazar Mrk 421. We investigate the robustness of this detection by a re-analysis of the original Chandra LETGS spectra, the analysis of a large set of XMM-Newton RGS spectra of Mrk 421, and additional Chandra observations. We address the reliability of individual spectral features belonging to the absorption components, and assess the significance of the detection of these components. We also use Monte Carlo simulations of spectra. We confirm the apparent strength of several features in the Chandra spectra, but demonstrate that they are statistically not significant. This decreased significance is due to the number of redshift trials that are made and that are not taken into account in the original discovery paper. Therefore these features must be attributed to statistical fluctuations. This is confirmed by the RGS spectra, which have a higher signal to noise ratio than the Chandra spectra, but do not show features at the same wavelengths. Finally, we show that the possible association with a Ly{alpha} absorption system also lacks sufficient statistical evidence. We conclude that there is insufficient observational proof for the existence of the two proposed WHIM filaments towards Mrk 421, the brightest X-ray blazar on the sky. Therefore, the highly ionized component of the WHIM still remains to be discovered

Chemical Evolution in Sersic 159-03 Observed with Xmm-Newton

Using a new long X-ray observation of the cluster of galaxies Sersic 159-03 with XMM-Newton, we derive radial temperature and abundance profiles using single- and multi-temperature models. The fits to the EPIC and RGS spectra prefer multi-temperature models especially in the core. The radial profiles of oxygen and iron measured with EPIC/RGS and the line profiles in RGS suggest that there is a dip in the O/Fe ratio in the centre of the cluster compared to its immediate surroundings. A possible explanation for the large scale metallicity distribution is that SNIa and SNII products are released in the ICM through ram-pressure stripping of in-falling galaxies. This causes a peaked metallicity distribution. In addition, SNIa in the central cD galaxy enrich mainly the centre of the cluster with iron. This excess of SNIa products is consistent with the low O/Fe ratio we detect in the centre of the cluster. We fit the abundances we obtain with yields from SNIa, SNII and Population-III stars to derive the clusters chemical evolution. We find that the measured abundance pattern does not require a Population-III star contribution. The relative contribution of the number of SNIa with respect to the total number of SNe which enrich the ICM is about 25-50%. Furthermore, we discuss the possible presence of a non-thermal component in the EPIC spectra. A potential source of this non-thermal emission can be inverse-Compton scattering between Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) photons and relativistic electrons, which are accelerated in bow shocks associated with ram-pressure stripping of in-falling galaxies