() Frequency of males, females, and specimens with gonadal malformations in controls and atrazine-treated animals (0

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Characterization of Atrazine-Induced Gonadal Malformations in African Clawed Frogs () and Comparisons with Effects of an Androgen Antagonist (Cyproterone Acetate) and Exogenous Estrogen (17β-Estradiol): Support for the Demasculinization/Feminization Hypothesis"</p><p></p><p>Environmental Health Perspectives 2006;114(S-1):134-141.</p><p>Published online 24 Jan 2006</p><p>PMCID:PMC1874169.</p><p>This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original DOI</p>1–25 ppb). Numbers above bars are samples sizes and represent the number surviving to metamorphosis (of 90). Dashed line indicates 50%. () Frequency of gonadal malformations only. -axis is categorical

Gonads of a control postmetamorphic (NF stage 66) male (,) and female (,) African clawed frog ()

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Characterization of Atrazine-Induced Gonadal Malformations in African Clawed Frogs () and Comparisons with Effects of an Androgen Antagonist (Cyproterone Acetate) and Exogenous Estrogen (17β-Estradiol): Support for the Demasculinization/Feminization Hypothesis"</p><p></p><p>Environmental Health Perspectives 2006;114(S-1):134-141.</p><p>Published online 24 Jan 2006</p><p>PMCID:PMC1874169.</p><p>This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original DOI</p> Abbreviations: OV, ovarian vesicle; K, kidney. (,) The entire kidney–interrenal–gonadal complex. The yellow color is the result of Bouin’s fixative. Arrowheads show the rostral and caudal ends of the animal’s right gonad. (,) Transverse cross-sections (8 μm) through the geometric center of each animal’s right gonad. Sections were stained with Mallory’s trichrome stain. Arrow indicates melanophore in the ovary. Scale bar: () 0.1 mm; () 10 μm. Figure adapted from

SSP () and hermaphroditism () in animals treated for 7 days (NF stage 50–53) with 100 μg/L E

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Characterization of Atrazine-Induced Gonadal Malformations in African Clawed Frogs () and Comparisons with Effects of an Androgen Antagonist (Cyproterone Acetate) and Exogenous Estrogen (17β-Estradiol): Support for the Demasculinization/Feminization Hypothesis"</p><p></p><p>Environmental Health Perspectives 2006;114(S-1):134-141.</p><p>Published online 24 Jan 2006</p><p>PMCID:PMC1874169.</p><p>This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original DOI</p> Six testes (three on each side) are numbered in . Abbreviations: O, ovary; T, testis. Scale bar = 0.1 mm for and

Frequency of males, females, animals with SSP, and hermaphrodites in animals treated for s7, 14, or 49 days with 100 μg/L E

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Characterization of Atrazine-Induced Gonadal Malformations in African Clawed Frogs () and Comparisons with Effects of an Androgen Antagonist (Cyproterone Acetate) and Exogenous Estrogen (17β-Estradiol): Support for the Demasculinization/Feminization Hypothesis"</p><p></p><p>Environmental Health Perspectives 2006;114(S-1):134-141.</p><p>Published online 24 Jan 2006</p><p>PMCID:PMC1874169.</p><p>This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original DOI</p> -axis is categorical. Control bar shows the control sex ratio. NF stages below the bars indicate the stage at which E exposure was terminated. All E exposures began at NF stage 50 (). Numbers above bars are samples sizes and represent the number surviving to metamorphosis (of 90). Dashed line indicates 50%

Dorsal (,) and frontal (,) view of newly metamorphosed (Gosner stage 46) control (,) and similar-aged animal exposed to the nine-pesticide mixture (,)

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Pesticide Mixtures, Endocrine Disruption, and Amphibian Declines: Are We Underestimating the Impact?"</p><p></p><p>Environmental Health Perspectives 2006;114(S-1):40-50.</p><p>Published online 24 Jan 2006</p><p>PMCID:PMC1874187.</p><p>This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original DOI</p> Control animal is in good body condition as expected. The pesticide-treated animal is in poor body condition because of a generalized gram-negative bacterial infection. The pathogen was identified in control and treated frogs, but only pesticide-exposed animals show signs of disease: head tilt, unilateral extensor muscle rigidity, anisocoria, and intermittent recumbency due to a severe otitis interna and meningitis. This presentation is consistent with infection, a stress-induced disease of frogs

Histological transverse cross-section (8 μm) of presumptive male () and female () leopard frog () at metamorphosis (Gosner stage 46)

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Pesticide Mixtures, Endocrine Disruption, and Amphibian Declines: Are We Underestimating the Impact?"</p><p></p><p>Environmental Health Perspectives 2006;114(S-1):40-50.</p><p>Published online 24 Jan 2006</p><p>PMCID:PMC1874187.</p><p>This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original DOI</p> Gonads are not completely differentiated. Note the intact cortex (C) and medulla (M) separated by blue connective tissue (arrows in ). Also note medullary regression and ovarian vesicle (OV) but absence of significant oogenesis in the female (). A single oocyte (arrow) is noted in the female. Scale bar = 125 μm

Pesticide Mixtures, Endocrine Disruption, and Amphibian Declines: Are We Underestimating the Impact?-0

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Pesticide Mixtures, Endocrine Disruption, and Amphibian Declines: Are We Underestimating the Impact?"</p><p></p><p>Environmental Health Perspectives 2006;114(S-1):40-50.</p><p>Published online 24 Jan 2006</p><p>PMCID:PMC1874187.</p><p>This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original DOI</p

Effects of adeno-SF1 on responsiveness of KGN cells (mean ± SD) to 10 mol/L atrazine or 10 mol/L simazine

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Atrazine-Induced Aromatase Expression Is SF-1 Dependent: Implications for Endocrine Disruption in Wildlife and Reproductive Cancers in Humans"</p><p></p><p>Environmental Health Perspectives 2007;115(5):720-727.</p><p>Published online 5 Feb 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1867956.</p><p>This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original DOI</p> () Basal aromatase mRNA (; relative copies) was significantly increased in cells transfected with adeno-SF-1 relative to controls infected with adeno-LacZ. () Aromatase enzymatic activity (fold change) also increased in response to atrazine or simazine in adeno-SF-1 infected KGN cells, but not in the control adeno-LacZ infected cells. Letters above bars indicate statistical groups (ANOVA, < 0.05)

Pesticide Mixtures, Endocrine Disruption, and Amphibian Declines: Are We Underestimating the Impact?-1

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Pesticide Mixtures, Endocrine Disruption, and Amphibian Declines: Are We Underestimating the Impact?"</p><p></p><p>Environmental Health Perspectives 2006;114(S-1):40-50.</p><p>Published online 24 Jan 2006</p><p>PMCID:PMC1874187.</p><p>This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original DOI</p

Pesticide Mixtures, Endocrine Disruption, and Amphibian Declines: Are We Underestimating the Impact?-9

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Pesticide Mixtures, Endocrine Disruption, and Amphibian Declines: Are We Underestimating the Impact?"</p><p></p><p>Environmental Health Perspectives 2006;114(S-1):40-50.</p><p>Published online 24 Jan 2006</p><p>PMCID:PMC1874187.</p><p>This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original DOI</p