Ending School Brutality

Children, especially Black children, are killed, traumatized, injured, and terrorized through assaults, solitary confinement, inappropriate handcuffing, and other excessive applications of physical force upon children in public schools. The state employees enacting such maltreatment are not just police. They are mainly teachers, principals, and security guards, and they are given authorization by law for purposes of “educating,” “disciplining,” and “maintaining order” in public schools. Scientific research does not support the use of physical force to improve behavior, however. This Article describes the problem of school brutality, the excessive, unwarranted, and traumatizing use of physical force by state employees upon students. By traumatizing children, school brutality can cause lasting and disabling developmental and educational harm. School brutality is facilitated by multiple legal structures, including a tort law privilege rooted in colonial times; an inconsistent patchwork of state laws permitting seclusion, restraint, and corporal punishment; qualified immunity; lack of regulation of police officers’ actions in schools; federal funding for regular police presence in public schools; and lack of enforcement and review of reporting on school brutality. Substantive due process rights under the Fourteenth Amendment, originally framed to protect adult criminal suspects, are inadequate for children. Unless state employees become less shielded from civil and criminal actions that seek to hold them accountable for school brutality, new private rights of action are needed. State and federal legislators can save lives and support educational achievement by ending the legalization of school brutality

Influence of Soaking Time on Deep Cryogenic Treatment of CuCoNiBe Alloy

Deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) was investigated at different soaking times to determine the microstructural transformation and mechanical properties of copper beryllium (CuCoNiBe) alloy. Lattice shrinkage/distortion resulting from differences in thermal contraction/expansion between the alpha phase and gamma phase caused internal stress, with large atomic dislocations leading to the formation of beryllides. Average beryllide size decreased with increasing DCT time by a maximum of 37% compared to non-DCT because new small beryllides were formed. Beryllides increased and distributed in the ⍺ phase with longer soaking time. Highest beryllide number and volume fraction found at the longest soaking time of 72 h were approximately 200% and 5%, respectively higher than for non-DCT. Increasing the number of beryllides played an important role in enhancing hardness and wear resistance. Maximal increase in hardness at 12% was observed for 72 h DCT, with reduction in wear volume of 30%. Residual stress as compressive stress showed high variation, with uneven distribution over the DCT sample. Impact strength of the DCT samples decreased by 50%. Analysis of fracture surfaces suggested that beryllide shape and beryllide at the grain boundaries played important roles in reducing fracture resistance. Thermal conductivity measurements of DCT-12 h and DCT-72 h samples indicated microstructural change, with the DCT-72 h sample recording a 2% drop in thermal conductivity compared to non-DCT

Critical Perspectives to Advance Educational Equity and Health Justice

A robust body of research supports the centrality of K-12 education to health and well-being. Critical perspectives, particularly Critical Race Theory (CRT) and Dis/ability Critical Race Studies (DisCrit), can deepen and widen health justice’s exploration of how and why a range of educational inequities drive health disparities. The CRT approaches of counternarrative storytelling, race consciousness, intersectionality, and praxis can help scholars, researchers, policymakers, and advocates understand the disparate negative health impacts of education law and policy on students of color, students with disabilities, and those with intersecting identities. Critical perspectives focus upon and strengthen the necessary exploration of how structural racism, ableism, and other systemic barriers manifest in education and drive health disparities so that these barriers can be removed

Experimental Study of Particles Induced by Screw Tightening Process for Hard Disc Drive Assembly: Effects of ‘Bit’ Speed

The morphology of particles generated during screw tightening process in hard disc drive assembly was studied using a media installing tool kit under a class 100 clean room condition. The screws were made of martensitic 410 stainless steel and the ‘bit’ was made of S2 tool steel. The ‘bit’ speeds used during the screw tightening process can be divided into two steps: the beginning and the final speeds. The effect of both speeds on the morphology of particles generated was investigated. The studied parameters were the aspect ratio and the appearance cross-sectional area of particles. Particles with different sizes were found suggesting that there were different wear mechanisms. Small particles were caused by adhesive wear, while the larger particles were generated by fatigue wear. The appearance cross-sectional area of particles was found to decrease with increase in both speeds within the speed of 250 r/min, after which the appearance crosssectional area appeared to be constant. The effect of cold-weld at asperities was obvious resulting in an increase in aspect ratio at a higher speed. The understanding of the effect of bit speed on the particles morphology during the screw tightening processes could be very useful in the design of the cleaning system in hard disc drive production.The morphology of particles generated during screw tightening process in hard disc drive assembly was studied using a media installing tool kit under a class 100 clean room condition. The screws were made of martensitic 410 stainless steel and the ‘bit’ was made of S2 tool steel. The ‘bit’ speeds used during the screw tightening process can be divided into two steps: the beginning and the final speeds. The effect of both speeds on the morphology of particles generated was investigated. The studied parameters were the aspect ratio and the appearance cross-sectional area of particles. Particles with different sizes were found suggesting that there were different wear mechanisms. Small particles were caused by adhesive wear, while the larger particles were generated by fatigue wear. The appearance cross-sectional area of particles was found to decrease with increase in both speeds within the speed of 250 r/min, after which the appearance crosssectional area appeared to be constant. The effect of cold-weld at asperities was obvious resulting in an increase in aspect ratio at a higher speed. The understanding of the effect of bit speed on the particles morphology during the screw tightening processes could be very useful in the design of the cleaning system in hard disc drive production

Sequential appearance of four clinical delayed drug hypersensitivity in the same patient

This patient had a two-month history of four clinical manifestations of drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHR): maculo papular eruption, Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS), acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). The eliciting drugs were rifampicin, possibly gabapentin, levofloxacin, meropenam and/or colistin. Thus, the patient might develop a multiple drug hypersensitivity syndrome. The TEN-like lesion appeared after stopping drugs for two days. A different manifestation of DHR in dependence of drug use suggests that the distinct manifestations of DHRs are due to the stimulation of T cells with distinct functions. The simultaneous appearance of AGEP and DRESS symptoms might be due to the simultaneous stimulation of two (or more) different T cell subsets, which are functionally dominant. Lastly, the appearance and further propagation of symptoms after therapy-stop is a common but somewhat neglected problem in DHR, which raises questions regarding the cause of persisting T cell activation

Experimental Study of Wear Performance of Tool Steel Undergone DUPLEX Surface Treatments for Hot Forging Applications

In recent years, the DUPLEX surface treatment, consisting of vacuum gas nitride followed by physical vapor deposition (PVD) coating, has earn a lot of interest for enhance the wear performance of high temperature forming application, especially hot forging. In this work the wear performance of hot forging tool steel grade AISI H13 undergone DUPLEX treatments with different top coating have been investigated. Three types of PVD coatings, e.g. TiAlN, AlCrN and AlCrTiN, were studied. The microstructure, physical and mechanical properties and surface roughness were also investigated. The wear tests were performed using a high temperature pin-on-disc arrangement at the working temperature of the hot forging tool, i.e. 300°C. The experimental results indicate that the wear behavior is strongly influenced by the level of contact stress developed at the surface. At low contact stress, harder coating shows the better wear performance while, at high contact stress, the tougher coating serves better. Examination of worn surface suggests that this might be caused by change in failure mechanism from ductile fracture to a more brittle manner at high contact stress for hard material. The understanding of the influence of working conditions and coating properties on the wear resistance of tool steels obtained from this work can be very useful in the improvement of wear performance in hot-forging tools and also other high temperature applications