58 research outputs found
Surgical observation of the agenesis of the foramen of Magendie
We report a young girl who presented with headache and back pain. Dynamic
MRI revealed no cerebrospinal egress from the median aperture (Foramen of
Magendie) of the fourth ventricle and syringomyelia. A posterior cranial fossa
exploration was performed and agenesis of the median aperture was observed.
Following surgical penetration of the posterior aspect of the fourth ventricle and
at the most recent follow-up examination, this patient’s syringomyelia had resolved,
as had her symptoms. Agenesis of the foramen of Magendie may be
a rare cause of inhibition of normal cerebrospinal egress from the fourth ventricle
with resultant syringomyelia
Klippel-Feil anomaly with associated rudimentary cervical ribs in a human skeleton: case report and review of the literature
Anomalies of the cervical spine are intriguing anatomically and often come to
clinical attention. Fusion of one or more cervical vertebral segments, the Klippel-
Feil anomaly (KFA), often causes increased motion at the vertebral segments
superior to and inferior to the fused level with a resultant premature wear of
these joints. We report an adult male skeleton with fusion of his C6 and C7
vertebral bodies (Type II KFA). A remnant of the intervertebral disc space was
noted and bilateral rudimentary cervical ribs were observed emanating from the
C7 vertebrae. Excessive joint degeneration was noted between the vertebral
bodies of C5 and C6. Following our review of the literature and case report, it
appears that there is an increased incidence of the presence of cervical ribs in
KFA. We review the literature for coexistent KFA and cervical ribs and discuss
their dysembryology
The most common anatomical sites of arterial injury in the extremities: a review of 75 angiographically-proven cases
The incidence of vascular injury has increased worldwide. In an attempt to quantitate
the specific arteries most commonly involved in the extremities, we reviewed
75 patients with extremity trauma who were evaluated with angiography
(DSA, digital subtraction angiography). The majority of these injuries were
related to motor vehicle accidents (93.3%). The mean age of these patients was
28.16 ± 11.14 years, 94.7% of these patients being male. The ratio of upper to
lower extremity arterial trauma was 12 to 86. A total of 99 arterial injuries were
detected angiographically. Simultaneous injuries to two and three extremity arteries
were identified in 13.3% and 9.3% of patients respectively. The most
common arteries injured were the anterior tibial, femoral, peroneal, and popliteal
arteries. Associated fractures were present in 86.7% of patients. These data may
prove useful to the clinician who evaluates post-traumatic injuries of the extremities
Type I split cord malformation with an usual bony morphology
Variations in the configuration of the bony septum found in patients with split
cord malformations are rare. We report the seemingly rare occurrence of a midline bony septum that ended posteriorly as a fully formed bony spinous process. We speculate that this variation is due to misplaced mesodermal cells associated with the primitive endomesenchymal tract during approximately the third week of foetal life. The clinician that manages these patients may wish to consider this
rare morphology and avoid excessive manipulation of such a process, which
could potentially injure an underlying hemicord
The subanconeus muscle
There is a paucity of information in the extant literature regarding the detailed
anatomy of the subanconeus (articularis cubiti) muscle. Our current study seeks
to elucidate further the presence, morphology, and potential function of this
muscle. Eighteen cadaveric upper extremities underwent dissection of their posterior
elbow joint capsule with special attention to any fibres attaching to it from
the triceps brachii muscle. We found that all specimens had various amounts of
muscular attachment of the medial head of the triceps into the posterior joint
capsule. It was noted that the highest concentration of fibres was into the joint
capsule near the groove for the ulnar nerve. No specimen was found to have
a distinct muscle belly associated with these connections to the joint capsule.
On all sides these fibres were simply deeper attachments of the medial head of
the triceps brachii muscle. Following tension on these deeper fibres retraction of
the joint capsule was not noted but rather compression of the capsule. We
would speculate on the basis of our study that these fibres of the medial head of
the triceps brachii muscle do not represent a separate muscle per se and do not
retract the posterior elbow joint capsule with extension of the forearm as has
been theorised. It is possible that compression of the posterior elbow joint capsule
from these deeply placed fibres of the triceps brachii restricts the elbow fat
pad from being displaced and allows it to cushion the contact made between
the olecranon process and the olecranon fossa
Accessory venous sinus of Hyrtl
Variations of the intracranial venous sinuses are important to the surgeon during intraoperative procedures and to the clinician during imaging interpretation. We report a male cadaver found to have a rare venous sinus variation. In all likelihood, this sinus corresponded to the rarely reported accessory venous sinus
of Hyrtl. The sinus was approximately 5 mm in width and traveled from the
sphenoparietal sinus anteriorly to the veins, draining into the foramen spinosum (i.e. the middle meningeal veins) posteriorly. No other variations or obvious pathology were identified intracranially or extracranially. Knowledge of such a venous variation may be of use to the clinician
Popliteal artery aneurysms: a review
Popliteal artery aneurysms (PAAs) are the most common form of peripheral arterial
aneurysms. The popliteal artery is the continuation of the femoral artery and
represents the major source of blood to the leg. Thrombus formation as a result
of PAA may reduce blood flow, leading to limb-threatening ischemia and potential
limb amputation. Popliteal artery aneurysms are predominantly seen in
males (95-99% of cases), presumably owing to their predisposition for arteriosclerosis,
which is also a major factor for PAA predisposition. Additionally, it is
not uncommon to see an abdominal aortic aneurysm associated with a PAA
(30-50% of cases) or bilateral presentation of PAA (~50% of cases). A consequence
of a PAA and thrombus located in the popliteal fossa is an inflammatory
reaction, potentially involving adjacent structures in the fossa. This may present
clinically as pain in the leg and/or edema. Treatment of PAA involves either
a conservative management protocol or a more aggressive intervention such as
surgery. Proponents of conservative management will regulate the diameter of
the aneurysm by ultrasound, while those in favor of surgical intervention will
repair the aneurysm through a number of open surgical methods or by endovascular
stent grafting. This review summarizes the historical points related to
PAA and analyzes the pertinent anatomical implications, clinical findings and
treatment methods for PAA
Levator claviculae: a case report and review of the literature
The levator claviculae is an uncommon anatomical variant found in the posterior
cervical triangle. In this report we present a 78-year-old man with this
muscular variation, which was found during gross anatomical dissection. While
sites of insertion and origin have been variable, in the present case the muscle
originated from the left transverse processes of C3 and C4, and inserted onto
the lateral third of the ipsilateral clavicle. Clinical considerations of this variant
anatomy are of interest, as they may present in patients as a supraclavicular
mass and may also mimic pathology on cross-sectional imaging
A rare variation of the posterior cranial fossa: duplicated falx cerebelli, occipital venous sinus, and internal occipital crest
Folds of the meningeal layer of the dura mater, the falx cerebri and tentorium
cerebelli, traverse the vertebrate intracranial cavity and thus compartmentalise
the brain. The falx cerebelli, another dural fold, is found in the posterior cranial
fossa and attaches to the inferior aspect of the tentorium cerebelli and to the
internal occipital crest. We present a case of a duplicated falx cerebelli, occipital
venous sinus and internal occipital crest that was detected upon routine dissection
of a male cadaver. Since haemorrhage of a dural venous sinus can be a fatal
complication of posterior cranial fossa surgery, knowledge of venous sinus variations
in this region may prevent unpredictable complications during intracranial
procedures
An unusual muscle of the wrist with potential compression of the ulnar nerve
During routine cadaveric dissection of the upper extremity an unusual muscle
was discovered arising from the tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris and inserting
into the muscle belly of the flexor digiti minimi. The muscle’s course was superficial
to the ulnar nerve and artery in Guyon’s canal. We review the literature
regarding such muscle variations and discuss the potential for compression of
the ulnar nerve by such muscles
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