Challenges in vitamin D measurement and its role on bone regeneration

Vitamin D plays a crucial role in calcium homeostasis and is significantly involved in the maintenance of a strong mineralized skeleton, healthy teeth, and bone regeneration. Apart of this main function, the scientific evidence of vitamin D involvement in numerous physiological and pathological processes has been growing, linking deficiencies to systematic diseases, autoimmune diseases, and various infections. Over the last years, it has been made clear that modern lifestyle has been the major contributor to vitamin D deficiency globally and the extended awareness has led to an significant increase in vitamin D levels testing. There is a wide range of available testing methodologies, posing different limitations, such as cross-reactivity, low detection capacity, limited throughput, requirement of highly competent staff. Those result from not only due to assay limitations but also due to the complexity of vitamin D metabolisms and catabolism. With liquid chromatography in tandem with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) still considered the gold standard to vitamin D blood level detection, novel point-of-care technologies emerge aiming to bypass the strong monitored variability between assays. The aim of this review is to discuss the crucial limitations of vitamin D measuring assays regarding accuracy and the important issues to consider when interpreting vitamin D results in the dental office

Tranexamic Acid Promotes Murine Bone Marrow-Derived Osteoblast Proliferation and Inhibits Osteoclast Formation In Vitro

Despite modern surgical trauma care, bleeding contributes to one-third of trauma-related death. A significant improvement was obtained through the introduction of tranexamic acid (TXA), which today is widely used in emergency and elective orthopedic surgery to control bleeding. However, concerns remain regarding potential adverse effects on bone turnover and regeneration. Therefore, we employed standardized cell culture systems including primary osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and macrophages to evaluate potential effects of TXA on murine bone cells. While osteoblasts derived from calvarial digestion were not affected, TXA increased cell proliferation and matrix mineralization in bone marrow-derived osteoblasts. Short-term TXA treatment (6 h) failed to alter the expression of osteoblast markers; however, long-term TXA stimulation (10 days) was associated with the increased expression of genes involved in osteoblast differentiation and extracellular matrix synthesis. Similarly, whereas short-term TXA treatment did not affect gene expression in terminally differentiated osteoclasts, long-term TXA stimulation resulted in the potent inhibition of osteoclastogenesis. Finally, in bone marrow-derived macrophages activated with LPS, simultaneous TXA treatment led to a reduced expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Collectively, our study demonstrates a differential action of TXA on bone cells including osteoanabolic, anti-resorptive, and anti-inflammatory effects in vitro which suggests novel treatment applications

Tranexamic Acid Promotes Murine Bone Marrow-Derived Osteoblast Proliferation and Inhibits Osteoclast Formation In Vitro

Despite modern surgical trauma care, bleeding contributes to one-third of trauma-related death. A significant improvement was obtained through the introduction of tranexamic acid (TXA), which today is widely used in emergency and elective orthopedic surgery to control bleeding. However, concerns remain regarding potential adverse effects on bone turnover and regeneration. Therefore, we employed standardized cell culture systems including primary osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and macrophages to evaluate potential effects of TXA on murine bone cells. While osteoblasts derived from calvarial digestion were not affected, TXA increased cell proliferation and matrix mineralization in bone marrow-derived osteoblasts. Short-term TXA treatment (6 h) failed to alter the expression of osteoblast markers; however, long-term TXA stimulation (10 days) was associated with the increased expression of genes involved in osteoblast differentiation and extracellular matrix synthesis. Similarly, whereas short-term TXA treatment did not affect gene expression in terminally differentiated osteoclasts, long-term TXA stimulation resulted in the potent inhibition of osteoclastogenesis. Finally, in bone marrow-derived macrophages activated with LPS, simultaneous TXA treatment led to a reduced expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Collectively, our study demonstrates a differential action of TXA on bone cells including osteoanabolic, anti-resorptive, and anti-inflammatory effects in vitro which suggests novel treatment applications