OFDM: A Mathematical Review

Mathematical review of the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing is demonstrated in terms of Inter symbol interference, Multi carrier modulated system and cyclic prefix. Modeling of the mathematical equation of the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, Inverse fast Fourier transform and fast Fourier transform is explained with the suitable example using MATLAB. Bit error rate performance of OFDM is also presented with the help of statistical computation

Secular Trends in Menarcheal Age in India-Evidence from the Indian Human Development Survey

Background: Evidence from a number of countries in Europe and North America point towards the secular declining trend in menarcheal age with considerable spatial variations over the past two centuries. Similar trends were reported in several developing countries from Asia, Africa and Latin America. However, data corroborating any secular trend in the menarcheal age of the Indian population remained sparse and inadequately verified. Methods: We examined secular trends, regional heterogeneity and association of socioeconomic, anthropometric and contextual factors with menarcheal age among ever-married women (15–49 years) in India. Using the pseudo cohort data approach, we fit multiple linear regression models to estimate secular trends in menarcheal age of 91394 ever-married women using the Indian Human Development Survey. Results: The mean age at menarche among Indian women was 13.76 years (95 % CI: 13.75, 13.77) in 2005. It declined by three months from 13.83 years (95% CI: 13.81, 13.85) among women born prior to 1955–1964, to nearly 13.62 years (95% CI: 13.58, 13.67) among women born during late 1985–1989. However, these aggregate national figures mask extensive spatial heterogeneity as mean age at menarche varied from 15.0 years in Himachal Pradesh during 1955–1964 (95% CI: 14.89–15.11) to about 12.1 years in Assam (95% CI: 11.63–12.56) during 1985–1989. Conclusion: The regression analysis established a reduction of nearly one month per decade, suggesting a secular decline in age at menarche among Indian women. Notably, the menarcheal age was significantly associated with the area of residence, geographic region, linguistic groups, educational attainment, wealth status, caste and religious affiliations among Indian women

A brief study on Strebulus Asper L. -A Review

Streblus asper L. is a small tree found in tropical countries, such as India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand belonging to family moraceae. Various parts of this plant are used in Ayurveda and other folk medicines for the treatment of different ailments such as filariasis, leprosy, toothache, diarrhea, dysentery and cancer. Research carried out using different in vitro and in vivo techniques of biological evaluation support most of these claims. This review presents the botany, chemistry, traditional uses and pharmacology of this medicinal plant

When the disease is known but the patient is not: Outcome of 118 such patients at a Tertiary Care Centre

This is a prospective study, carried out at the Department of Neurosurgery at M.B.G Hospital, R.N.T Medical College, Udaipur, Rajasthan (India). Many patients with history of trauma with head injury, whose identity cannot be ascertained, are admitted in our hospital. The management of these unattended patients from pre-hospital till discharge, rehabilitation or death is full of difficulties especially when surgical intervention has to be done. From March 16, 2015, until March 30, 2016, 118 consecutive patients unattended patients admitted in our department with history of head injury were enrolled in the study. Out of 118 patients, 107 (91%) were male, most were in the age group of 30-39 years. In majority of patients, 115 (97%) principal cause of head injury was road traffic accident. Majority of the patients 49 (41%) had Glasgow coma scale >13 on admission. Twenty three patients 23 (20%) died in hospital, 71 (60%) patients had good recovery. During the course of treatment identity of 115 patients was established and 92 (78%) patients, who survived were discharged to home. Three (3%) patients were shifted to destitute home. All discharged patients were followed at 1 month and 6 month interval. 78 (82%) & 76 (80%) patients showed good recovery (GOS) at 1 month & 6 month respectively. One patient expired at home within one month of discharge and 6 patients lost to follow up at 6 months

Outcome of surgically treated head injury in unattended patients at Neurosurgery Department in Tertiary Care Centre: An institutional study

This is a prospective study, carried out at our department. Many patients with history of trauma with head injury, whose identity cannot be ascertained, are admitted in our hospital. The management of these unattended patients from pre-hospital till discharge, rehabilitation or death is full of difficulties especially when surgical intervention has to be done. We conducted a prospective study by enrolling 11 consecutive unattended patients in whom neurosurgical procedures performed at our hospital. Out of 11 patients, 9 (82%) were male, most were in the age group of 21-30 years. The mean age was 30 years. Mean duration of hospital stay was 11.27 days. The cause of head injury was road traffic accident in all patients. Majority of the patients 10 (90%) had Glasgow coma scale less than 8 on admission. Two patients 2 (18%) died in hospital, 7 (63%) patients had good recovery. During the course of treatment identity of all 11 patients was established and 8 (72%) patients who survived were discharged to home. All discharged patients were followed at interval of 1 month and 3 months. Four (50%) & 5 (62%) patients showed good recovery (GOS) at 1 month & 3 month respectively

Large subgaleal hematoma producing turban head in 10 year boy with cerebral palsy: Rare case report with review of literature

Subgaleal hematomas (SGHs) are not uncommon. Because the subgaleal space has no anatomical boundaries, SGHs usually involve a large space and are typically limited to the parietal region. Cases of SGHs involving whole of head are relatively rare. In this study we report a rare case of massive enlargement of head after SGH causing severe pain and giving an appearance of turban. A 10 year old, male patient with cerebral palsy presented with progressive enlargement of head attaining a size of turban due to habitual head banging and self-punching overhead. SGH drainage and hematoma aspiration were performed and the patient’s head size was restored

Traumatic cerebellar hematoma in paediatric patient: A case report and review of literature

Paediatric trauma is common emergency in emergency departments of hospitals worldwide. One of the uniqueness is the trauma sustained mostly in household areas and even the mode of injury is often subtle. Paediatric head injury is the one of the common reasons for children visiting the emergency department. Expert management and gentle care is an essential requirement in paediatric head injury cases. The management of the paediatric traumatic brain injury certainly depends upon the clinical conditions of patient and computed tomography {CT} findings. Most of the traumatic brain injuries can be managed conservatively but at times the surgical management has to be undertaken. A 6 month old child admitted with the history head injury. NCCT head revealed cerebellar hematoma with overlying subdural haemorrhage. Initially the child was managed conservatively but as the sensorium deteriorated the surgical evacuation was performed. The paediatric post fossa traumatic haemorrhage is a relatively uncommon and the management also needs to be individualized as per the patient’s condition

Assessing performance of the Healthcare Access and Quality Index, overall and by select age groups, for 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: Health-care needs change throughout the life course. It is thus crucial to assess whether health systems provide access to quality health care for all ages. Drawing from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 (GBD 2019), we measured the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index overall and for select age groups in 204 locations from 1990 to 2019. Methods: We distinguished the overall HAQ Index (ages 0–74 years) from scores for select age groups: the young (ages 0–14 years), working (ages 15–64 years), and post-working (ages 65–74 years) groups. For GBD 2019, HAQ Index construction methods were updated to use the arithmetic mean of scaled mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs) and risk-standardised death rates (RSDRs) for 32 causes of death that should not occur in the presence of timely, quality health care. Across locations and years, MIRs and RSDRs were scaled from 0 (worst) to 100 (best) separately, putting the HAQ Index on a different relative scale for each age group. We estimated absolute convergence for each group on the basis of whether the HAQ Index grew faster in absolute terms between 1990 and 2019 in countries with lower 1990 HAQ Index scores than countries with higher 1990 HAQ Index scores and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. SDI is a summary metric of overall development. Findings: Between 1990 and 2019, the HAQ Index increased overall (by 19·6 points, 95% uncertainty interval 17·9–21·3), as well as among the young (22·5, 19·9–24·7), working (17·2, 15·2–19·1), and post-working (15·1, 13·2–17·0) age groups. Large differences in HAQ Index scores were present across SDI levels in 2019, with the overall index ranging from 30·7 (28·6–33·0) on average in low-SDI countries to 83·4 (82·4–84·3) on average in high-SDI countries. Similarly large ranges between low-SDI and high-SDI countries, respectively, were estimated in the HAQ Index for the young (40·4–89·0), working (33·8–82·8), and post-working (30·4–79·1) groups. Absolute convergence in HAQ Index was estimated in the young group only. In contrast, divergence was estimated among the working and post-working groups, driven by slow progress in low-SDI countries. Interpretation: Although major gaps remain across levels of social and economic development, convergence in the young group is an encouraging sign of reduced disparities in health-care access and quality. However, divergence in the working and post-working groups indicates that health-care access and quality is lagging at lower levels of social and economic development. To meet the needs of ageing populations, health systems need to improve health-care access and quality for working-age adults and older populations while continuing to realise gains among the young. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation