MOESM1 of A new horizon of moyamoya disease and associated health risks explored through RNF213

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¹³⁷Cs Trapped by Biomass within 20 km of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant

Analysis of ¹³⁷Cs trapped in biomass in highly contaminated zones is crucial in predicting the long-term fate of ¹³⁷Cs following the explosion at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. We surveyed forest 20–50 km from the plant in July and September 2011 to evaluate ¹³⁷Cs trapped in biomass within 20 km of the plant. We determined the ambient dose rate and collected forest soils and twigs at 150 sampling points. Removability from the canopy was evaluated by washing leaves and branches with water and organic solvents. The biomass of the forest canopy was then calculated. ¹³⁷Cs fallout was simulated with an atmospheric transport model. The modeled dose rate agreed with observations (<i>n</i> = 24) (<i>r</i> = 0.62; <i>p</i> < 0.01). Washing experiments demonstrated that unremovable portions accounted for 53.9 ± 6.4% of ¹³⁷Cs trapped by deciduous canopy (<i>n</i> = 4) and 59.3 ± 13.8% of ¹³⁷Cs trapped by evergreen canopy (<i>n</i> = 10). In total, it was estimated that 74.5 × 10¹² Bq was trapped by canopy in the forest within the no-go zone, with 44.2 × 10¹² Bq allocated to unremovable portions, and that 0.86% of the total release was trapped in biomass as of September 2011

¹³⁷Cs Trapped by Biomass within 20 km of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant

Analysis of ¹³⁷Cs trapped in biomass in highly contaminated zones is crucial in predicting the long-term fate of ¹³⁷Cs following the explosion at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. We surveyed forest 20–50 km from the plant in July and September 2011 to evaluate ¹³⁷Cs trapped in biomass within 20 km of the plant. We determined the ambient dose rate and collected forest soils and twigs at 150 sampling points. Removability from the canopy was evaluated by washing leaves and branches with water and organic solvents. The biomass of the forest canopy was then calculated. ¹³⁷Cs fallout was simulated with an atmospheric transport model. The modeled dose rate agreed with observations (<i>n</i> = 24) (<i>r</i> = 0.62; <i>p</i> < 0.01). Washing experiments demonstrated that unremovable portions accounted for 53.9 ± 6.4% of ¹³⁷Cs trapped by deciduous canopy (<i>n</i> = 4) and 59.3 ± 13.8% of ¹³⁷Cs trapped by evergreen canopy (<i>n</i> = 10). In total, it was estimated that 74.5 × 10¹² Bq was trapped by canopy in the forest within the no-go zone, with 44.2 × 10¹² Bq allocated to unremovable portions, and that 0.86% of the total release was trapped in biomass as of September 2011

Amounts of the neonicotinoids excreted in urine during a 24 h period before (day 0) and after a single 2 μg dose was ingested (circles) and the model curves (red lines).

<p>The green bars are the means and the lower and upper blue whiskers are the standard deviations.</p

Amounts of the labeled compounds found to be excreted in the urine (μg d⁻¹) in a 24 h period after a single dose was ingested (circles) and the model curves (red lines).

<p>The green bars are the means and the lower and upper blue whiskers are the standard deviations.</p

Deuterium-labeled neonicotinoids used in the dosing study.

<p>Deuterium-labeled neonicotinoids used in the dosing study.</p

Distribution of neonicotinoid excretion rates in healthy adults (μg/d).

<p>The horizontal bars show the frequencies (the <i>x</i>-axis is the number of individual samples in each class). The black line boxes at the center of each graph show the first, second, and third quartiles. The lower whisker indicates the lowest value within the −1.5 interquartile range of the first quartile. The upper whisker indicates the highest value within the +1.5 interquartile range of the third quartile. Outlying values are shown as dots. The blue bars on the right-hand sides of the graphs are the means and standard deviations.</p

Pedigrees of six Japanese familial episodic pain syndrome in Japanese families.

<p>(A) Some ^a)Family 2 and ^b)Family 3 members have been reported previously [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0154827#pone.0154827.ref013" target="_blank">13</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0154827#pone.0154827.ref014" target="_blank">14</a>]. Black and white symbols indicate affected and unaffected individuals, respectively. Gray symbols indicate individuals with unknown phenotypic status. Squares and circles indicate males and females, respectively. Slashes indicate deceased individuals. “P” indicates probands. Blue arrows indicate exome sequenced individuals. * indicates linkage analysis performed individuals. The genotype of <i>SCN11A</i> p.R222H (Family 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6) or <i>SCN11A</i> p.R222S (Family 3) for each individual is illustrated. (B) Sequence chromatography of the identified <i>SCN11A</i> mutations.</p

Three subtypes of clinical manifestations.

<p>Three subtypes of clinical manifestations.</p

Exome analysis filtering process in the three Japanese familial episodic pain syndrome families.

<p>Exome analysis was performed for three affected members in Family 1, four affected and four unaffected members in Family 2, and two affected and one unaffected member in Family 3. Exome data was processed through seven filtering steps: (1) non-synonymous, (2) read depth ≥ 8, (3) not registered in dbSNP135, (4) MAF < 0.01 in Japanese patients from 1000 Genomes database, (5) heterozygote in affected members and not present in unaffected members, (6) located on 3p22 linkage region, and (7) variants in the same gene among all three families. Numbers in boxes represent the numbers of variants after each filtering step.</p