Mean amplitudes and SEMs of ERPs for each condition.

<p>ERP amplitudes for standards, emotionally congruent deviants, and emotionally incongruent deviants in negative and positive sequences. For all of the time windows, ERP amplitudes were averaged across three occipital electrodes (O1, O2, and Oz). In addition, for 100–200 ms and 200–260 ms, ERP amplitudes were averaged across two posterior electrodes over the right hemisphere (TP8 and P8), and two homologous electrodes over the left hemisphere (TP7 and P7). For 300–360 ms, ERP amplitudes were averaged across three centro-parietal electrodes (FCz, Cz, and CPz).</p

Mean reaction times and SEMs for each condition.

<p>Mean reaction times and SEMs for each condition.</p

Development and validation of a facial expression database based on the dimensional and categorical model of emotions

<p>The present study describes the development and validation of a facial expression database comprising five different horizontal face angles in dynamic and static presentations. The database includes twelve expression types portrayed by eight Japanese models. This database was inspired by the dimensional and categorical model of emotions: surprise, fear, sadness, anger with open mouth, anger with closed mouth, disgust with open mouth, disgust with closed mouth, excitement, happiness, relaxation, sleepiness, and neutral (static only). The expressions were validated using emotion classification and Affect Grid rating tasks [Russell, Weiss, & Mendelsohn, 1989. Affect Grid: A single-item scale of pleasure and arousal. <i>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology</i>, <i>57</i>(3), 493–502]. The results indicate that most of the expressions were recognised as the intended emotions and could systematically represent affective valence and arousal. Furthermore, face angle and facial motion information influenced emotion classification and valence and arousal ratings. Our database will be available online at the following URL. <a href="https://www.dh.aist.go.jp/database/face2017/" target="_blank">https://www.dh.aist.go.jp/database/face2017/</a>.</p

ERP results in Experiment 2.

<p>(A) The grand-average ERPs at Cz, Oz, P7, and P8 elicited by standards (dashed line), emotionally incongruent deviants (bold line), and emotionally congruent deviants (thin line) in negative and negative sequences. The inset shows vMMN, grand average deviant-minus-standard, for emotionally incongruent deviants (bold line) and emotionally congruent deviants (thin line). (B) The topographies of the voltage difference between the standards and the deviants at the peak latencies for each time period. The calculations for the differential ERP waves between standards and deviants were performed within each sequence (i.e., the ERP amplitude for positive standards was subtracted from that for incongruent negative deviants and congruent positive deviants). The images have been flattened into a two-dimensional space using the global interpolation method, which uses all electrodes to calculate values at any given point, viewed from the top of the head.</p

The sequence of stimuli for the two experimental paradigms.

<p>The duration of each stimulus was 200 ms. The inter-stimulus interval (ISI) was altered within 800–1000 ms. (A) The two sequences for Experiment 1. Strongly positive (negative) deviants and weakly positive (negative) deviants were infrequently presented in a sequence of neutral standards. All types of Japanese kanji consisting of standards and deviants were presented in the same frequency in the sequence. (B) The positive and negative sequences for Experiment 2. Positive deviants and negative deviants were infrequently presented in a sequence of standards. In the sequence of positive standards, positive deviants served as emotionally congruent deviants and negative deviants served as emotionally incongruent deviants. In the sequence of negative standards, negative deviants served as emotionally congruent deviants and positive deviants served as emotionally incongruent deviants.</p

Path coefficients (with <i>SE</i>) and fit indices in Study 1.

***<p><i>p</i><0.001; * <i>p</i><0.05; + <i>p</i><0.1.</p

Path coefficients (with <i>SE</i>) and fit indices in Study 2.

***<p><i>p</i><0.001; ** <i>p</i><0.01; * <i>p</i><0.05; <i>p</i>+<0.1.</p

Correlation coefficients in Study 1.

<p>All measures were standardized.</p>***<p><i>p</i><.001; ** <i>p</i><.01; * <i>p</i><.05; + <i>p</i><.1.</p

Path coefficients (with <i>SE</i>) and fit indices for the analyses of combined data.

***<p><i>p</i><0.001; * <i>p</i><0.05; + <i>p</i><0.1.</p

Correlation coefficients in Study 2.

<p>All measures were standardized.</p>***<p><i>p</i><.001; ** <i>p</i><.01; * <i>p</i><.05; + <i>p</i><.1.</p