Značaj antioksidanata u zaštiti od mikotoksikoza kod domaćih životinja

Mycotoxins are biologically active substances that are synthesized by saprophytic and parasitic fungi, and which, when taken into organism by ingestion, can provoke intoxications known as mycotoxicoses. Farm animals show different susceptibility to mycotoxins depending on various factors: genetic (species and breeds), physiological (age and obesity) and environmental (hygienic and climatic). One of the mechanisms of mycotoxin activities is peroxidation of lipids brought about directly by the production of free radicals or by increased sensitivity of tissue to peroxidation. Peroxidation of lipids provoked by mycotoxins is caused by low level of natural antioxidants, so they have a crucial role in the protection against mycotoxins. Nutritive stress can influence negatively the relationship between antioxidants/pro-oxidants, and mycotoxins are nowadays regarded as leading factors of stress induced by nutrition. This optimal relationship can be regulated by the use of antioxidants in food (selenium, vitamin E, carotenoids, etc.) known to prevent tissue damages caused by free radicals. Selenium and vitamin E are essential nutrients which contribute to the preservation of animal health by realizing mutual biological activities in the organism. This paper presents the findings on mechanisms of the action of different species of mycotoxins and the importance of antioxidative protection in farm animals, as well as the results of our investigations of influence of mycotoxins on the occurrence of some reproductive disorders in pigs.Mikotoksini su biološki aktivne materije koje sintetišu saprofitne i parazitske gljivice, a uneti ingestijom u organizam izazivaju trovanja koja se nazivaju mikotoksikoze. Domaće životinje su različito osetljive na mikotoksine zavisno od različitih faktora: genetskih (vrste i rase), fizioloških (starosti i uhranjenosti) i uslova sredine (higijenskih i klimatskih). Jedan od mehanizama delovanja mikotoksina je peroksidacija lipida direktno proizvodnjom slobodnih radikala ili povećanjem osetljivosti tkiva na peroksidaciju. Peroksidacija lipida izazvana mikotoksinima je prouzrokovana niskim nivoom prirodnih antioksidanata, tako da oni imaju ključnu ulogu u zaštiti od mikotoksina. Nutritivni stres nepovoljno utiče na odnos antioksidanta/pro-oksidanta, a mikotoksini se danas smatraju vodećim faktorima stresa izazvanih ishranom. Ovaj optimalan odnos može se regulisati upotrebom antioksidanata u hrani (selen, vitamin E, karotinoidi, i dr.) koji sprečavaju tkivna oštećenja uzrokovana slobodnim radikalima. Selen i vitamin E su esencijalni nutricijenti koji doprinose očuvanju zdravlja životinja ostvarivanjem zajedničkih bioloških aktivnosti u organizmu. U ovom radu biće prikazana saznanja o mehanizmima delovanja različitih vrsta mikotoksina i značaja antioksidativne zaštite kod domaćih životinja, kao i rezultati naših ispitivanja uticaja mikotoksina na pojavu pojedinih reproduktivnih poremećaja kod svinja

Fiziološki aspekti ponašanja krmača i prasadi u toku laktacionog perioda

Maternal ability represents complex interactions between different forms of behaviour and physiological characteristics. Behaviour and metabolic processes are partly under the control of endocrine and nervous systems. Sows are different from other mammals, in that sows bear a large number mature baby, capable immediately to suckling. Post partum anabolic processes become catabolic, giving priority to dairy gland in relation to other tissues. Maximum secretated milk takes place between 2. and 3. week. Sows lost in body mass and it is appeared the change in value of some bloods parameters. Haemotologic analyses have suggested the increase in total number of leukocytes and neutrophilic granulocytes and the decrease in the number of lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils on the first day postpartum. In the third and fourth week of lactation a statistically significant fall in the number of leukocytes and granulocytes in relation to the first day was observed, along with a significant increase in limphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils. Erythrocyte count, haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit value decreased during the lactation period. Level of glucose in plasma is low (it is decreasing for more than 50%), while the level of urea is high, due to huge proteins available. It can also be noticed that there is a high mobilisation of body fat an increasing level of NEFA (non-esterified fatty acid). Secretion of milk is under control prolactin and oxytocin. Oxytocin affects on maternal behaviour and prolactin is linked with timing of suck.Materinska sposobnost predstavlja kompleksne interakcije između različitih oblika ponašanja i fizioloških karakteristika. Ponašanje i metabolički procesi su delimično pod kontrolom endokrinog i nervnog sistema. Krmače se razlikuju od drugih sisara po tome što rađaju veliki broj zrelih mladih sposobnih da odmah sisaju. Nakon partusa anabolički procesi prelaze u kataboličke, dajući tako prioritet mlečnoj žlezdi u odnosu na druga tkiva. Maksimalna sekrecija mleka odvija se između 2. i 3. nedelje. Krmače gube telesnu masu i dolazi do promena vrednosti pojedinih parametara u krvi. Hematološke analize su ukazale na povećanje ukupnog broja leukocita i neutrofilnih granulocita i smanjenje broja limfocita, monocita i eozinofila prvog dana po partusu. Treće i četvrte nedelje laktacije, došlo je do statistički značajnog pada broja leukocita i granulocita u odnosu na prvi dan, a značajnog porasta limfocita, monocita i eozinofila. Broj eritrocita, koncentracija hemoglobina i vrednost hematokrita smanjuju se tokom laktacionog perida. Nivo glukoze u plazmi je veoma nizak (niži je za preko 50%), dok je nivo ureje visok usled obimnog iskorišćavanja proteina. Takođe je ustanovljeno da značajna mobilizacija telesnih masti dovodi do povećanja nivoa NEFA (nezasićenih masnih kiselina). Sekrecija mleka je pod kontrolom prolaktina i oksitocina. Oksitocin utiče na materinsko ponašanje a prolaktin je u korelaciji sa dužinom sisanja

Leukocitarni profil u krmača tokom laktacionog perioda

During prepartum and postpartum period, there occurs in sows a significant change in the values of haematologic and biochemical parameters. The objective of this research paper was to examine the change in the count of the cells of white blood line in the course of lactation period. The trial was conducted on ten Swedish Landrace breed sows, having the blood taken on the first day postpartum (1-6h), and in the third and fourth week of lactation. The results obtained for haemotologic analyses have suggested the increase in total number of leukocytes and neutrophilic granulocytes, and the decrease in the number of lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils on the first day postpartum. In the third and fourth week of lactation a statistically significant fall in the number of leukocytes and granulocytes in relation to the first day was observed, along with a significant increase in limphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils. In examined time intervals the number of basophils did not change significantly. The neutrophil-limphocyte index was highest on the first day postpartum, while in the third and fourth week it was significantly lower.Za vreme prepartalnog i postpartalnog perioda, kod krmača dolazi do značajnih promena vrednosti hematoloških i biohemijskih parametara. Cilj ovoga rada je bio da se ispitaju promene broja ćelija bele krvne loze u toku laktacionog perioda. Ogled je izveden na deset krmača rase Švedski Landras, od kojih je uzimana krv, prvog dana po partusu (1-6 h), treće i četvrte nedelje laktacije. Dobijeni rezultati hematoloških analiza ukazali su na povećanje ukupnog broja leukocita i neutrofilnih granulocita, a smanjenje broja limfocita, monocita i eozinofila prvog dana po partusu. Treće i četvrte nedelje laktacije, doslo je do statistički značajnog pada broja leukocita i granulocita u odnosu na prvi dan, a značajnog porasta limfocita, monocita i eozinofila. U ispitivanim vremenskim intervalima broj bazofila se nije značajno menjao. Neutrofilno-limfocitni indeks je bio najviši prvog dana po partusu, a treće i četvrte nedelje značajno niži

Mere zdravstvene zaštite pčela od varooze u Crnoj Gori

Varroosis is a disease of bees and their brood caused by Varroa destructor, an ectoparasitic mite (acarine). This parasite is present throughout the year in bee colonies feeding on hemolymph from adult bees, larvae and pupae. Varroosis is also present in the beekeeping of Montenegro. Measures to prevent varroosis include beekeeping on favorable terrains, early detection of diseases, control of newly procured colonies, application of the principles of good beekeeping practice, control of treatment efficiency etc. Diagnostic examination for varroosis is carried out once a year - until the end of March in all bee colonies. For mite control, only registered products should be used. In Montenegro, natural preparations are registered - Apiguard (based on thymol) and Api Life Var (based on thymol, eucalyptus oil, camphor and L-menthol). Varroa quickly becomes resistant to synthetic chemical preparations based on compounds, such as amitraz, coumaphos, synthetic pyrethroids - fluvalinate and flumethrin. In addition to gaining resistance, there is a great danger of depositing residues in bee products. Such bee products are a source of contamination for humans through the consumption of bee products (honey, royal jelly, propolis, etc.) and bee wax is a source of contamination through cosmetic products that contain it. Therefore, these synthetic preparations should not be used for the treatment of bee colonies against varroa.Varooza je bolest pčelinjeg legla i pčela koju izaziva ektoparazit, krpelj (akarina) Varroa destructor. Ovaj parazit je prisutan tokom cele godine u pčelinjoj zajednici i hrani se hemolimfom pčela, larvi i lutki. Mere za sprečavanje varooze se sastoje u primeni principa dobre pčelarske prakse, pčelarenju na povoljnim terenima, ranom otkrivanju bolesti, kontroli novonabavljenih društava, kontroli efikasnosti lečenja i dr. Dijagnostičkom ispitivanju na varoozu podležu jednom godišnje - do kraja marta, svi pčelinjaci. Za uništavanje krpelja treba koristiti samo registrovane preparate. U Crnoj Gori su registrovani prirodni preparati - Apiguard (na bazi timola) i ApiLife Var (na bazi timola, eukaliptusovog ulja, kamfora i levomentola. Varoa veoma brzo stiče rezistenciju na sintetičke hemijske preparate na bazi jedinjenja kao što su amitraz, kumafos, sintetički piretroidi - fluvalinat i flumetrin. Osim sticanja rezistencije, postoji velika opasnost od deponovanja rezidua u pčelinjim proizvodima. Takvi pčelinji proizvodi su izvor kontaminacije za ljude preko konzumiranja pčelinjih proizvoda (med, matična mleč, propolis i dr.), a pčelinji vosak predstavlja izvor kontaminacije preko kozmetičkih preparata koji ga sadrže. Zbog toga ova sredstva ne treba koristiti za tretiranje pčelinjih društava protiv varoe

Efekti dodavanja pojedinih mikroelemenata - selena, cinka i bakra u hranu za mlečne krave na zdravlje i reproduktivne performanse

Microelements such as selenium, zinc and copper are indispensable nutrients for preserving major physiological functions, improving reproductive characteristics and overall health state. By their adequate use different ailments are prevented, while at the same time they have a positive effect on fertility and resistance. Insufficient quantities of these microelements, inadequate absorption and interaction with other microelements may lead to the impairment of the immune response due to metabolic and oxidative stress. In recent years, mainly organic forms of microelements have been administered to animals because they show better biological availability and can be retained longer in the organism. Besides, organic forms improve quality of products for human nutrition. Antioxidants should be added in optimal quantities in food for dairy cows with the aim of maximizing immune function and protection of tissues.Mikroelementi selen, cink i bakar su neophodni nutrijenti za očuvanje osnovnih fizioloških funkcija, zdravlja i poboljšanje reproduktivnih karakteristika. Njihovom adekvatnom primenom preveniraju se različita oboljenja, a istovremeno pozitivno utiče na fertilitet i otpornost. Nedovoljna količina ovih mikroelemenata u obroku, neadekvatna apsorpcija i interakcija sa drugim mikroelementima, mogu dovesti do slabljenja imunskog odgovora usled metaboličkog i oksidativnog stresa. Poslednjih godina, uglavnom se daju organske forme mikroelemenata, jer imaju bolju biološku raspoloživost i duže se zadržavaju u organizmu. Pored toga, organske forme poboljšavaju kvalitet proizvoda namenjenih za ishranu ljudi. Antioksidanse treba dodavati u optimalnim količinama u hranu za mlečne krave u cilju maksimiziranja imunske funkcije i zaštite tkiva

Uticaj toplotnog stresa na proizvodnju mleka kod mlečnih krava

Heat stress in dairy cows is caused by a combination of environmental factors (temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation and air movement). Continual genetic selectin for greater performance results to increased sensitivity to heat stress. It was one of the reasons why lactation curve during summer has decreasing trend compared to spring in which lactation curve maintained within high levels. The trial was conducted in spring (April-May) and summer period (June-July) on total of 40 dairy cows of Holstein-Friesian breed in early lactation period (first 60 days of lactation). Milking capacity in cows and milk chemical ingredients (milk fat and proteins) were statistically significantly higher in the spring period compared to summer, while higher values of lactose were not statistically significant. Total average milk production per cow was significantly higher in spring period (42.74±4.98l) than in summer (39.60±5.09l) at the level of P lt 0.05. A higher rate of milk fat was recorded in spring in relation to summer period the level of significance being P lt 0.01. The content of proteins in milk in spring period was 13% higher than in summer. The established difference was highly statistically significant (P lt 0.001). Obtained values for percentage of lactose varied slightly (4.45±0.54% in spring versus 4.03±0.24% in summer period; P>0.05).Toplotni stres kod mlečnih krava uzrokovan je većim brojem spoljašnjih faktora - temperaturom, relativnom vlažnošću vazduha, sunčevom radijacijom i kretanjem vazduha. Genetska selekcija za veće proizvodne rezultate povećava osetljivost na toplotni stres. To je jedan od razloga što laktaciona kriva za vreme letnjeg perioda ima trend pada u poređenju sa prolećem kada laktaciona kriva dostiže visoke nivoe. Ogled je izveden u prolećnom (april-maj) i letnjem periodu (jun-jul) na ukupno 40 mlečnih krava holštajn-frizijske rase u ranom laktacionom periodu (prvih 60 dana laktacije). Mlečnost krava i hemijski sastojci mleka (mlečna mast i proteini ) su bili statistički značajno veći u prolećnom periodu u odnosu na letnji, dok veće vrednosti laktoze nisu bile i statistički značajne. Ukupna prosečna proizvodnja mleka po kravi je bila značajno veća u prolećnom periodu (42,74±4,98l) nego u letnjem (39,60±5, 09l) na nivou od P lt 0,05. Veći procenat mlečne masti zabeležen je u prolećnom nego u letnjem periodu na nivou značajnosti P lt 0,01. Sadržaj proteina u mleku u prolećnom periodu bio je 13% veći nego u letnjem. Ustanovljena razlika bila je visoko statistički značajna (P lt 0,001). Dobijene vrednosti za procenat laktoze malo su varirale (4,45±0,54% u prolećnom prema 4,03±0,24% u letnjem periodu; P>0,05)

Hemolitička aktivnost ekstrakta rizoma i korena kukureka (H. odorus Waldst. et Kit.) primenjenog kod pacova soja Wistar

In the health care of animals phytoteraphy is being applied very intensively, mostly for the prophylactic purpose and with the aim of treating weaker forms of diseases and chronic course of a disease. It is well known from a traditional folk medicine that Helleborus L. can induce the functions of defensive cell effectors and increase the activity of rapid, unspecific mechanisms of immune response. The plants of the genus Helleborus L. contain saponosides which increase the permeability of the erythrocytes membrane and that leads to the haemolysis and loss of haemoglobin. In this research paper we have studied the influence which the rhisome and root extract of H. odorus Waldst. et Kit., may have on the value of the erythrocytes count, concentration of haemoglobin and haematocrit value. In the rats in the trial group the extract of underground plant organs of Helleborus odorus Walds. et Kit. was applied intramuscularly in the concentration of 0,5, 5 or 20mg/100g TM. In the rats in a control group a sterile physiological solution in the quantity of 0,25ml/100g TM was applied in the same way.Fitoterapija se u zdravstvenoj zaštiti životinja veoma intenzivno primenjuje u profilaktičke svrhe i u cilju lečenja blažih oblika bolesti i bolesti hroničnog toka. Iz tradicionalne, narodne medicine poznato je da kukurek podstiče funkcije efektorskih odbrambenih ćelija i povećava aktivnost brzih, nespecifičnih mehanizama imunskog odgovora. Biljke roda Helleborus L. sadrže saponozide koji povećavaju permeabilnosti membrane eritrocita što dovodi do hemolize i gubitka hemoglobina. U ovom radu ispitivali smo uticaj ekstrakta rizoma i korena H. odorus Waldst. et Kit. na vrednost broja eritrocita, koncentraciju hemoglobina i hematokritsku vrednost. Pacovima oglednih grupa ekstrakt kukureka je aplikovan intramuskularno u koncentraciji 0,5, 5 ili 20mg/100g TM. Pacovima kontrolne grupe na isti način je aplikovan sterilan fiziološki rastvor u količini od 0,25ml/100g TM

Effect of glutamate antagonists on nitric oxide production in rat brain following intrahippocampal injection

Stimulation of glutamate receptors induces neuronal nitric oxide (NO) release, which in turn modulates glutamate transmission. The involvement of ionotropic glutamate NMDA and AMPA/kainate receptors in induction of NO production in the rat brain was examined after injection of kainate, a non-NMDA receptor agonist; kainate plus 6-cyano- 7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX), a selective AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist; or kainate plus 2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (APV), a selective NMDA receptor antagonist. Competitive glutamate receptor antagonists were injected with kainate unilaterally into the CA3 region of the rat hippocampus. The accumulation of nitrite, the stable metabolite of NO, was measured by the Griess reaction at different times (5 min, 15 min, 2 h, 48 h, and 7 days) in hippocampus, forebrain cortex, striatum, and cerebellum homogenates. The used glutamate antagonists APV and CNQX both provided sufficient neuroprotection in the sense of reducing nitrite concentrations, but with different mechanisms and time dynamics. Our findings suggest that NMDA and AMPA/kainate receptors are differentially involved in nitric oxide production.Stimulacija glutamatskih receptora dovodi do stvaranja azot oksida (NO) u neuronima mozga što dovodi do modulacije glutamatske neurotransmisije. Ispitivana je uloga glutamatskih NMDA i AMPA/kainatnih receptora u stvaranju NO u mozgu pacova posle intracerebralne aplikacija kainata, agonista AMPA/kainatnih receptora, kainata sa 6-ciano-7- nitrokinoksalin-2,3-dionom (CNQX), selektivnim antagonistom AMPA/kainatnih receptora ili kainata sa 2-amino-5-fosfonopentanoiskom kiselinom (APV) selektivnim antagonistom NMDA receptora. Antagonisti glutamata su aplicirani unilateralno u selektivno osetljiv CA3 region hipokampusa. Stvaranje NO je praćeno preko akumulacije nitrita, stabilnih metabolita NO, Griess-ovom metodom. Merenja su vršena u hipokampusu, korteksu, stiatumu i cerebelumu mozga pacova 5 min, 15 min, 2 h, 48 h i 7 dana nakon aplikacije. U svim praćenim moždanim strukturama neuroprotektivno je delovala primena CNQX i APV u smislu smanjenja produkcije NO, ali sa očiglednom razlikom u mehanizmu dejstva i vremenskoj dinamici. Rezultati našeg istraživanja dokazuju da su glutamatski NMDA i AMPA/kainatni receptori različito uključeni u proces produkcije NO.nul

Freshwater jellyfish Craspedacusta sowerbyi Lankester, 1880 (Hydrozoa, Olindiidae): 50 years' observations in Serbia

Detailed and relevant limnological investigations of Serbian waters were initiated in 1958 and have continued to the present. During the period 1971-2008 we monitored biological elements as a part of working studies/projects, including the distribution of the freshwater jellyfish Craspedacusta sowerbyi Lankester, 1880. We observed over 500 sampling sites in running and standing waters. Specimens of this hydro-medusa were found in five of them. Throughout the period of investigation, only the medusae stages were observed. Our purpose in this paper was to provide data of the records and distribution of this limnomedusa during the period 1958-2008 in inland waters of Serbia. These observations should contribute to knowledge on the limnofauna not only of the Balkan Peninsula but Europe as a whole.Opsežna i značajna limnološka istraživanja voda u Srbiji otpočela su 1958. godine i nastavljena do danas. Tokom celog istraživačkog perioda nađena je slatkovodna meduza Craspedacusta sowerbyi Lankester, 1880 na pet lokaliteta (bara na Velikoj Moravi kod Ćuprije, Savsko jezero kod Beograda, jezero Velika Peščara kod Zrenjanina, jezero Miloševo kod Jagodine i jezero Šumarice kod Kragujevca). Predstavljeni rezultati su doprinos dosadašnjih saznanja o nalazima i distribuciji ove vrste u Srbiji, kao i poznavanju limnofaune Balkanskog poluostrva i Evrope.Projekat ministarstva br. 14302