sj-pdf-1-nms-10.1177_14614448231196863 – Supplemental material for The puzzle of misinformation: Exposure to unreliable content in the United States is higher among the better informed

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-nms-10.1177_14614448231196863 for The puzzle of misinformation: Exposure to unreliable content in the United States is higher among the better informed by Alvin Zhou, Tian Yang and Sandra González-Bailón in New Media & Society</p

Nonwoven Polymer Nanofiber Coatings That Inhibit Quorum Sensing in Staphylococcus aureus: Toward New Nonbactericidal Approaches to Infection Control

We report the fabrication and biological evaluation of nonwoven polymer nanofiber coatings that inhibit quorum sensing (QS) and virulence in the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. Our results demonstrate that macrocyclic peptide <b>1</b>, a potent and synthetic nonbactericidal quorum sensing inhibitor (QSI) in S. aureus, can be loaded into degradable polymer nanofibers by electrospinning and that this approach can deposit QSI-loaded nanofiber coatings onto model nonwoven mesh substrates. The QSI was released over ∼3 weeks when these materials were incubated in physiological buffer, retained its biological activity, and strongly inhibited agr-based QS in a GFP reporter strain of S. aureus for at least 14 days without promoting cell death. These materials also inhibited production of hemolysins, a QS-controlled virulence phenotype, and reduced the lysis of erythrocytes when placed in contact with wild-type S. aureus growing on surfaces. This approach is modular and can be used with many different polymers, active agents, and processing parameters to fabricate nanofiber coatings on surfaces important in healthcare contexts. S. aureus is one of the most common causative agents of bacterial infections in humans, and strains of this pathogen have developed significant resistance to conventional antibiotics. The QSI-based strategies reported here thus provide springboards for the development of new anti-infective materials and novel treatment strategies that target virulence as opposed to growth in S. aureus. This approach also provides porous scaffolds for cell culture that could prove useful in future studies on the influence of QS modulation on the development and structure of bacterial communities

Central projections from apical afferents are expanded in the cochlear nuclei in <i>Prickle1</i>^{<i>C251X/C251X</i>} mutants.

<p>Different colors of lipophilic dyes were applied to apex and the base of the cochlear (A, B), and their central projection were analyzed (A’, B’, C-E). (A and B) Overview of the cochlea showing the application of red dye to the base and green dye to the apex in control (A) and <i>Prickle1</i>^{<i>C251X/C251X</i>} mutant (B). After 3 days of diffusion, there was partial overlap of the dye. (A’ and B’) Selective bundles of afferents and olivocochlear efferents (OCE) passed along the vestibular ganglion (VG). Only in <i>Prickle1</i>^{<i>C251X/C251X</i>} mutant (B’), OCE separated into several bundles. In addition, several vestibular ganglion neurons (VG) were labeled. (C-E) Projections to the cochlear nucleus of the control (C) and the <i>Prickle1</i>^{<i>C251X/C251X</i>} mutant (D, E). (C) In controls, afferent bundles from the apex and the base segregated and formed distinct fascicles. (D, E) In the mutant, although afferents from the base projected normally to the dorsal cochlear nucleus complex DCN, afferents from the apex formed collaterals that spread out throughout the DCN and the anterior-ventral cochlear nuclei (AVCN). (E) Higher magnification of the DCN of (D), showing details of apical afferents passing basal turn afferents to branch in the most dorsal aspect of the cochlear nucleus complex. Arrow, afferents innervating vestibular nuclei. Scale bars, 100 μm.</p

Loss of Prickle1 leads to aberrant afferent outgrowth in the apical cochlea.

<p>A select population of type II fibers was labeled by dye tracing in <i>Prickle1</i>^{<i>C251X/C251X</i>} mutants and their littermate controls at E18.5 and P0. (A) In the base, both control and <i>Prickle1</i>^{<i>C251X/C251X</i>} mutants formed three rows of type II fibers growing towards the base. (B-F) In the apex of the <i>Prickle1</i>^{<i>C251X/C251X</i>} mutant cochlea, outgrowth of some type II afferents was disrupted. (G and H’) Some afferents were not in the same focal plane as the radial fibers growing towards the hair cells (HCs). (H’) A higher magnification view of (H). Filled triangle, fibers that branched; arrow, fibers growing toward the apex; empty triangle, fibers that grew past HCs.</p

Summary of features of ten species of Myristicaceae.

Summary of features of ten species of Myristicaceae.</p

Types and numbers of repeat in the chloroplast genomes of ten cp genome of Myristicaceae.

A, Numbers and types of SSRs; B, Numbers of Tandem repeat sequences.</p

<i>Prickle1</i> is expressed in the spiral ganglion but not the organ of Corti by <i>in situ</i> hybridization during development.

<p>(A-D) <i>Prickle1</i> and <i>Vangl2</i> mRNA expression was analyzed by whole mount <i>in situ</i> hybridization in wild-type cochleae. (A-B) An overview of the cochlea showing <i>Prickle1</i> (A) and <i>Vangl2</i> (B) expression at E15.5. (C-D) A higher magnification of the cochlea showing <i>Prickle1</i> mRNA at E15.5 (C) and P0 (D). (E) β-gal staining was performed in <i>Prickle1</i>^{<i>LacZ/+</i>} cochlea to analyze Prickle1 expression at P30. Only the apex is shown. SG, spiral ganglion; SV, stria vascularis; OC, organ of Corti. Scale bar, A, B and E, 200 μm; C and D, 100 μm.</p

Gene present in the chloroplast genome of Myristicaceae.

Gene present in the chloroplast genome of Myristicaceae.</p

The phylogenetic tree based on complete chloroplast genome sequences of Myristicaceae with ML and BI method.

Support values are bootstrap values (>50%, before slash) and posterior probability (>0.5, after slash), respectively. The species with blue font indicates the two newly sequenced in this study; “*” indicates that the data were derived from the authors.</p

Comparison of the borders of the IR, SSC and LSC regions among ten chloroplast genome of Myristicaceae.

Comparison of the borders of the IR, SSC and LSC regions among ten chloroplast genome of Myristicaceae.</p