Tipo: Inovação e mudança no português brasileiro

Este artigo apresenta um relato empírico de variação sincrônica no uso do substantivo tipo no português vernáculo do Brasil. A inovação em seu uso, documentada pela primeira vez por Bittencourt (1999), sugere que tipo pode estar executando funções além das de um substantivo. Para investigar a inovação em seu uso, este estudo se concentra na fala de adolescentes nascidos e criados no Rio de Janeiro. Embora este grupo tenha demonstrado estar na vanguarda da inovação linguística (D’Arcy 2005; Tagliamonte 2016; Tagliamonte & D’Arcy 2009), pesquisas sobre a fala de adolescentes ainda são escassas no Brasil. Este artigo tem como objetivo preencher essa lacuna apresentando os resultados de duas análises de dados empíricos coletados entre 2015 e 2018 (C. P. Thompson & Onosson 2016). Os resultados indicam que tipo não é apenas proeminente no discurso dos participantes, mas também que formas não nominais de tipo são mais frequentemente usadas pelos falantes (97,98%) quando comparadas a sua forma nominal (2,02%). As descobertas sugerem que o uso não nominal de tipo é sistemático e linguisticamente definido: tipo é mais freqüentemente encontrado antes de orações ou precedendo um sintagma nominal. Os resultados também mostram que tipo está executando funções além das de substantivo, tais como preposição e advérbio

COVID-19 health misinformation: using design-based research to develop a theoretical framework for intervention

Purpose: Because health misinformation pertaining to COVID-19 is a serious threat to public health, the purpose of this study is to develop a framework to guide an online intervention into some of the drivers of health misinformation online. This framework can be iterated upon through the use of design-based research to continue to develop further interventions as needed. Design/methodology/approach: Using design-based research methods, in this paper, the authors develop a theoretical framework for addressing COVID-19 misinformation. Using a heuristic analysis of research on vaccine misinformation and hesitancy, the authors propose a framework for education interventions that use the narrative effect of transportation as a means to increase knowledge of the drivers of misinformation online. Findings: This heuristic analysis determined that a key element of narrative transportation includes orientation towards particular audiences. Research indicates that mothers are the most significant household decision-makers with respect to vaccines and family health in general; the authors suggest narrative interventions should be tailored specifically to meet their interests and tastes, and that this may be different for mothers of different backgrounds and cultural communities. Originality/value: While there is a significant body of literature on vaccine hesitancy and vaccine misinformation, more research is needed that helps people understand the ways in which misinformation works upon social media users. The framework developed in this research guided the development of an education intervention meant to facilitate this understanding

Associations of iron metabolism genes with blood manganese levels: a population-based study with validation data from animal models

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Given mounting evidence for adverse effects from excess manganese exposure, it is critical to understand host factors, such as genetics, that affect manganese metabolism.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Archived blood samples, collected from 332 Mexican women at delivery, were analyzed for manganese. We evaluated associations of manganese with functional variants in three candidate iron metabolism genes: <it>HFE </it>[hemochromatosis], <it>TF </it>[transferrin], and <it>ALAD </it>[δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase]. We used a knockout mouse model to parallel our significant results as a novel method of validating the observed associations between genotype and blood manganese in our epidemiologic data.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Percentage of participants carrying at least one copy of <it>HFE C282Y</it>, <it>HFE H63D</it>, <it>TF P570S</it>, and <it>ALAD K59N </it>variant alleles was 2.4%, 17.7%, 20.1%, and 6.4%, respectively. Percentage carrying at least one copy of either <it>C282Y </it>or <it>H63D </it>allele in <it>HFE </it>gene was 19.6%. Geometric mean (geometric standard deviation) manganese concentrations were 17.0 (1.5) μg/l. Women with any <it>HFE </it>variant allele had 12% lower blood manganese concentrations than women with no variant alleles (β = -0.12 [95% CI = -0.23 to -0.01]). <it>TF </it>and <it>ALAD </it>variants were not significant predictors of blood manganese. In animal models, <it>Hfe</it>^-/-mice displayed a significant reduction in blood manganese compared with <it>Hfe</it>^+/+mice, replicating the altered manganese metabolism found in our human research.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our study suggests that genetic variants in iron metabolism genes may contribute to variability in manganese exposure by affecting manganese absorption, distribution, or excretion. Genetic background may be critical to consider in studies that rely on environmental manganese measurements.</p

Tipo: Innovation and change in Brazilian Portuguese

Este artigo apresenta um relato empírico de variação sincrônica no uso do substantivo tipo no português vernáculo do Brasil. A inovação em seu uso, documentada pela primeira vez por Bittencourt (1999), sugere que tipo pode estar executando funções além das de um substantivo. Para investigar a inovação em seu uso, este estudo se concentra na fala de adolescentes nascidos e criados no Rio de Janeiro. Embora este grupo tenha demonstrado estar na vanguarda da inovação linguística (D’Arcy 2005; Tagliamonte 2016; Tagliamonte &amp; D’Arcy 2009), pesquisas sobre a fala de adolescentes ainda são escassas no Brasil. Este artigo tem como objetivo preencher essa lacuna apresentando os resultados de duas análises de dados empíricos coletados entre 2015 e 2018 (C. P. Thompson &amp; Onosson 2016). Os resultados indicam que tipo não é apenas proeminente no discurso dos participantes, mas também que formas não nominais de tipo são mais frequentemente usadas pelos falantes (97,98%) quando comparadas a sua forma nominal (2,02%). As descobertas sugerem que o uso não nominal de tipo é sistemático e linguisticamente definido: tipo é mais freqüentemente encontrado antes de orações ou precedendo um sintagma nominal. Os resultados também mostram que tipo está executando funções além das de substantivo, tais como preposição e advérbio.This paper provides an empirical account of the synchronic variation in the use of the noun tipo (‘type’, ‘kind’) in the Brazilian Portuguese vernacular. Innovation in its use, first documented by Bittencourt (1999), suggests tipo may be performing functions beyond those of a noun. To investigate innovation in its use, this study focuses on the speech of teenagers born and raised in Rio de Janeiro. Although this group has been shown to be in the forefront of linguistic innovation (D’Arcy 2005; Tagliamonte 2016; Tagliamonte &amp; D’Arcy 2009), research on the speech of adolescents remains scant in Brazilian Portuguese. This paper aims to fill this gap by presenting the results of two analyses of empirical data collected between 2015 and 2018 (C. P. Thompson &amp; Onosson 2016). Results indicate that tipo is not only salient in participants’ speech but also that non-nominal forms of tipo are more frequently used by speakers (97.98%) when compared to its nominal form (2.02%). Findings suggest that uses of non-nominal tipo are systematic and linguistically defined: tipo is most often found in pre-clausal position or preceding a noun phrase. Findings also show that tipo is performing functions beyond those of a noun, such as a preposition and an adverb

An Evaluation of a Microlearning Intervention to Limit COVID-19 Online Misinformation

As part of a design-based research project, we designed, developed, and evaluated a web-based microlearning intervention in the form of a comic into the problem of COVID-19 online misinformation. In this paper, we report on our formative evaluation efforts. Specifically, we assessed the degree to which the comic was effective and engaging via responses to a questionnaire (n = 295) in a posttest-only non-experimental design. The intervention focused on two learning objectives, aiming to enable users to recognize (a) that online misinformation is often driven by strong emotions like fear and anger, and (b) that one strategy for disrupting the spread of misinformation can be the act of stopping before reacting to misinformation. Results indicate that the comic was both effective and engaging in achieving these learning objectives

Design Principles for an Educational Intervention Into Online Vaccine Misinformation

As part of a design-based research effort into disrupting the spread of COVID-19 misinformation, we have iteratively designed, developed, and evaluated a learning intervention intended for public audiences. In this paper we describe the design principles we created to guide our applied research into education on the topic of online misinformation. The six principles guiding our design are: microlearning; equity; relevance and appeal to learners; interventions that do not inadvertently spread misinformation; effective counter messaging; and engagement on an emotional level. These principles are grounded on equitable design, anti-misinformation design, and emotional design