Location of the principal Maastrichtian continental localities of the Transylvanian Basin, Hateg Basin, and Rusca Montana Basin (Romania) that have yielded kogaionid multituberculate mammal remains (black dots).

<p>The specimen UBB P-Mt1 of <i>Barbatodon transylvanicus</i> and the holotype tooth are both from the locality of Pui.</p

<i>Barbatodon transylvanicus</i>, Maastrichtian, Pui, Romania, specimen UBB P-Mt 1.

<p>Partial skull in (A) dorsal, (B) ventral, (C) left lateral, (D) right lateral views; Left squamosal and petrosal (E) and right petrosal (F) in dorsal view; Left premaxillary in (G) lateral view; Left dentary in (H) occlusal, (I) labial, (J) lingual views; Right dentary in (K) occlusal, (L) labial, (M) lingual views. Specimens covered with ammonium chloride. Reconstruction of the skull and dentary in (N) dorsal and (O) lateral views. Grey zones indicate missing parts.</p

Isolated incisors of <i>Barbatodon transylvanicus</i> from Pui.

<p>I2 (UBB P-Mt 4–1), I3 (UBB P-Mt 4–2), and partial i1 (UBB P-Mt 4–3) show that the enamel is not extended on all the length and that only a part of the enamel is red.</p

Close-up on tooth rows of <i>Barbatodon transylvanicus</i>.

<p>(A) Left dentary with p4-m2 and (B) left maxillary with P1-M2 in occlusal views and covered with ammonium chloride. (C) left maxillary with P1-M2 in occlusal view; (D) Premaxillary with in I2-3 in lateral view; (E) anterior part of right maxillary with P1-2 and (F) right dentary with p4-m2 in lingual view in natural colour.</p

SEM-EDS analysis of red enamel.

<p>Close-up on the left premaxillary of (A) <i>Barbatodon transylvanicus</i>, (B) <i>Sorex araneus</i> and (C) <i>Rattus norvegicus</i> in lateral and occlusal views showing the red enamel on the anterior surface of the teeth. Analysis of the enamel of <i>Barbatodon transylvanicus</i> on the (D) anterior tip of I1 in (E) EDS analysis showing the (F) elemental composition of Calcium hydroxyapatite and a peak of about 7% (3% in atomic composition) of iron.</p

Strict consensus cladogram of the 355 equally most parsimonious trees showing the position of the Kogaionidae.

<p>The topology is obtained from the cladistic analysis of the matrix from Kielan-Jaworowska & Hurum 2001 with addition of <i>Barbatodon</i> and character 1 of <i>Kogaionon</i> which was originally coded? and here replaced by state 1. Tree length, 215 steps; CI, 0.417; RI, 0.663. For each node, the list of the synapomorphies is given, each synapomorphy being represented by a point (black for unambiguous synapomorphy and white for homoplasies) accompanied by the character number above and character state below. Bremer decay indices of 2 and higher are indicated at the right of their respective nodes.</p

Measurements of the teeth (in mm) of the kogaionid multituberculate <i>Barbatodon transylvanicus</i> from Pui (specimen UBB P-Mt 1).

<p>Measurements of the teeth (in mm) of the kogaionid multituberculate <i>Barbatodon transylvanicus</i> from Pui (specimen UBB P-Mt 1).</p

33 million year old <i>Myotis</i> (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) and the rapid global radiation of modern bats

<div><p>The bat genus <i>Myotis</i> is represented by 120+ living species and 40+ extinct species and is found on every continent except Antarctica. The time of divergence of <i>Myotis</i> has been contentious as has the time and place of origin of its encompassing group the Vespertilionidae, the most diverse (450+ species) and widely distributed extant bat family. Fossil <i>Myotis</i> species are common, especially in Europe, beginning in the Miocene but earlier records are poor. Recent study of new specimens from the Belgian early Oligocene locality of Boutersem reveals the presence of a relatively large vespertilionid. Morphological comparison and phylogenetic analysis confirms that the new, large form can be confidently assigned to the genus <i>Myotis</i>, making this record the earliest known for that taxon and extending the temporal range of this extant genus to over 33 million years. This suggests that previously published molecular divergence dates for crown myotines (<i>Myotis</i>) are too young by at least 7 million years. Additionally, examination of first fossil appearance data of 1,011 extant placental mammal genera indicates that only 13 first occurred in the middle to late Paleogene (48 to 33 million years ago) and of these, six represent bats, including <i>Myotis</i>. Paleogene members of both major suborders of Chiroptera (Yangochiroptera and Yinpterochiroptera) include extant genera indicating early establishment of successful and long-term adaptive strategies as bats underwent an explosive radiation near the beginning of the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum in the Old World. A second bat adaptive radiation in the New World began coincident with the Mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum.</p></div

Bat global first appearance.

<p>(<i>a</i>) First appearance in the global fossil record of extant bat vs. other placental mammal families and genera from the Early Eocene through the Early Miocene. Compilation includes 15 families (75% of all extant families) and 14 genera of bats and 56 families (64% of all extant families) and 20 genera of other placentals (modified from McKenna and Bell [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0172621#pone.0172621.ref067" target="_blank">67</a>], see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0172621#pone.0172621.s003" target="_blank">S3 File</a>). (<i>b</i>) Estimated molecular divergence times (black line) versus global fossil first appearances (red line) of extant bat families (molecular dates based on Teeling et al. [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0172621#pone.0172621.ref055" target="_blank">55</a>] with modifications from Amador et al. [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0172621#pone.0172621.ref052" target="_blank">52</a>], fossil first appearance data modified from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0172621#pone.0172621.s003" target="_blank">S3 File</a>). Families in the green box are exclusively New World in distribution today, families in the blue box are exclusively Old World, and the three families in the purple box are cosmopolitan but have Old World origins.</p

Measurements (in mm) of upper teeth of <i>Quinetia misonnei</i> and <i>Myotis belgicus</i> (* = estimate, abbreviations as in Table 1).

<p>Measurements (in mm) of upper teeth of <i>Quinetia misonnei</i> and <i>Myotis belgicus</i> (* = estimate, abbreviations as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0172621#pone.0172621.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>).</p