Quantum Gauged Neural Network: U(1) Gauge Theory

A quantum model of neural network is introduced and its phase structure is examined. The model is an extension of the classical Z(2) gauged neural network of learning and recalling to a quantum model by replacing the Z(2) variables, $S_i = \pm1$ of neurons and $J_{ij} =\pm1$ of synaptic connections, to the U(1) phase variables, $S_i = \exp(i\phi_i)$ and $J_{ij} = \exp(i\theta_{ij})$. These U(1) variables describe the phase parts of the wave functions (local order parameters) of neurons and synaptic connections. The model takes the form similar to the U(1) Higgs lattice gauge theory, the continuum limit of which is the well known Ginzburg-Landau theory of superconductivity. Its current may describe the flow of electric voltage along axons and chemical materials transfered via synaptic connections. The phase structure of the model at finite temperatures is examined by the mean-field theory, and Coulomb, Higgs and confinement phases are obtained. By comparing with the result of the Z(2) model, the quantum effects is shown to weaken the ability of learning and recalling.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures: Revised with a new referenc

Dynamics of Cancer-Related Proteins in Patients with Bladder Cancer

Bladder cancer (BC) is the second most common malignancy in the urologic field. Preoperative predictive biomarkers of cancer progression and prognosis are imperative for optimizing appropriate treatment for patients with BC. The prediction of patient outcomes before initial treatment would enable physicians to choose better modalities and avoid unnecessary aggressive treatments. In addition, preoperative molecular markers are expected to be a minimally invasive tool for predicting precise prognosis and progression in patients with BC. The proteins secreted from the tumor cells reflect various states of tumors in real time and at given conditions, and those expression patterns are different from normal cell components. Approximately 20–25% of cellular proteins are in extracellular spaces, and these proteins have important roles in invasion, angiogenesis, regulation of cell-to-cell interactions, and metastasis. It has been suggested that tumor-secreting proteins are a promising source for tumor diagnostic biomarkers. Proteomic analysis was utilized to identify the secreted proteins in sera from patients with BC. Several biomarkers associated with BC are reviewed here