Field efficacy of some biorationals against the two spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Field trials were conducted to evaluate the acaricidal potential of entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana and aqueous extracts of Withania somnifera and Glyccirrhyza glabra against the mobile stages of Tetranychus urticae Koch on cucumber. The treatments responded in a concentration dependent manner. Highest reduction in T. urticae population was achieved with Omite (0.05%) followed by Nimbecidine (5ml/l), B. bassiana (1010 spores ml-1), W. somnifera (7.5%), B. bassiana (108 spores ml-1), G. Glabra (7.5%), G. Glabra (5%), G. Glabra (2.5%), W. somnifera (5%) and W. somnifera (2.5%). Higher yield was recorded in all the treatments as compared to control. In terms of percent increase in yield, Omite caused highest increase (23.65% over control) followed by Nimbecidine, B. bassiana (1010 spores/ ml), W. somnifera (7.5%), B. bassiana (108 spores/ ml), G. Glabra (7.5%), W. somnifera (5%), G. Glabra (5%), G. Glabra (2.5%), and W. somnifera (2.5%) showing 13.97, 11.82, 10.75, 8.67, 8.67, 8.6, 6.76, 6.48 and 6.45 percent increase over control, respectively. These data suggest that the tested biorationals at higher concentrations have the potential to be employed in pest management programs designed for T. urticae control

Field efficacy of some biorationals against the two spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Field trials were conducted to evaluate the acaricidal potential of entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana and aqueous extracts of Withania somnifera and Glyccirrhyza glabra against the mobile stages of Tetranychus urticae Koch on cucumber. The treatments responded in a concentration dependent manner. Highest reduction in T. urticae population was achieved with Omite (0.05%) followed by Nimbecidine (5ml/l), B. bassiana (1010 spores ml-1), W. somnifera (7.5%), B. bassiana (108 spores ml-1), G. Glabra (7.5%), G. Glabra (5%), G. Glabra (2.5%), W. somnifera (5%) and W. somnifera (2.5%). Higher yield was recorded in all the treatments as compared to control. In terms of percent increase in yield, Omite caused highest increase (23.65% over control) followed by Nimbecidine, B. bassiana (1010 spores/ ml), W. somnifera (7.5%), B. bassiana (108 spores/ ml), G. Glabra (7.5%), W. somnifera (5%), G. Glabra (5%), G. Glabra (2.5%), and W. somnifera (2.5%) showing 13.97, 11.82, 10.75, 8.67, 8.67, 8.6, 6.76, 6.48 and 6.45 percent increase over control, respectively. These data suggest that the tested biorationals at higher concentrations have the potential to be employed in pest management programs designed for T. urticae control

Damage potential of Tetranychus urticae Koch to cucumber fruit and foliage: Effect of initial infestation density

Field trials were conducted to assess the damage potential of two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) on cucumber (Cucumis sativus Linnaeus). Young cucumber plants were artificially infested with different densities of T. urticae (5, 10, 15 and 20 mites/ grown up leaf) while uninfested plants acted as control. Post infestation, the plants differed in their support to mite density in accordance with initial infestation density and observation period. Grown up leaves were found to be the most susceptible to mite infestation (5.86 mites/ sq. cm leaf). The number of feeding (chlorotic) patches on cucumber leaves significantly increased from 1.38/sq cm at a pre-count of 5 mites per grown up leaf to 1.71/sq cm leaf at a pre-count of 20 mites as compared to no patch recorded in control. Highly significant negative correlation was recorded between mite population and photosynthetic pigments. Total chlorophyll, chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b and carotenoids decreased to a maximum of 40, 43.63, 45.45 and 47.27 percent at the highest infestation density as compared to control. Results revealed differences among various treatments in terms of yield attributes of cucumber. The per cent reductions from 6.15 to 12.42 in number of fruits, 0.59 to 1.56 in fruit length and 0.93 to 3.28 in fruit width at different inoculums of T. urticae were recorded over uninfested plants. The cumulative effect led to the ultimate reduction in average fruit weight in the range of 10.16 to 17.19 per cent in the infested plants

Biochemical responses of cucumber to Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) mediated biotic stress

The effect of two spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) feeding on leaf level physiological characteristics of cucumber (Cucumis sativus Linnaeus) was investigated. Young cucumber plants were artificially infested with different densities of T. urticae (5, 10, 15 and 20 mites/ grown up leaf) while uninfested plants acted as control. Post infestation, the plants differed in their support to mite density in accordance with initial infestation density and observation period. Highly significant negative correlation of -0.92, -0.93, -0.95 and -0.92 for total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids, respectively, at the highest infestation level) was recorded between mite density and photosynthetic pigments in infested leaves as compared to uninfested ones. There was a significant decrease (P= 0.05) in the level of (a progressive decline from 2.82, 0.36 and 2.17% dry weight in control to the maximum of 2.09, 0.26 and 1.87% dry weight for N, P and K, respectively, at highest infestation level) in the infested leaves in response to mite infestation. Interaction between initial infestation level and observation period also suggested a significant impact of T. urticae infestation on the leaf phytochemicals of cucumber (P= 0.05)

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Not AvailableTrypanosoma evansi is a haemo-protozoan parasite responsible for the disease surra, an economically important disease of wide range of domestic and wild animals. The present diagnostic methods using soluble antigens have inherent problems like lack of standardized and reproducible antigens, as well as ethical issues. This entails further efforts for search of defined antigenic molecules with satisfying sensitivity and specificity for sero-epidemiology of trypanosomosis. In present investigation, we have identified and purified 52-55kDa immuno-dominant protein cluster in molecular mass ranges by preparatory SDS-PAGE methods from T. evansi proteome. The purified protein was further characterized by hyper immune serum raised in rabbits and also further evaluated for its immunodiagnostic potential using experimentally infected horse serum samples by different immunological tests. The immunoblot, ELISA and dot blot assay using purified cluster in infected pooled serum samples showed detection of infection early as 10th days post infection till termination of experiment. The observations revealed that purified cluster is expressed not only at early stage but also persisted and detected throughout course of infection. Further, whole cell lysate antigen separated out and detected 141 spots by 2-D gel electrophoresis. The isoelectric focussing (PI) of 52-55kDa was determined in pH range between 6.9 and 7.5 along with two other cluster of proteins recognised by immune sera of ponies infected with T. evansi. MS/MS analysis of the purified protein cluster identified five proteins i.e. pyruvate kinase 1, beta tubulin, paraflagellar rod protein, alanine aminotransferase and variable surface glycoprotein showing homology to protein present in Trypanosome database. These identified proteins may be useful for development of vaccines and diagnostic targets against animal trypanosomosis.Not Availabl

Not Available

Not AvailableTrypanosoma evansi is a haemo-protozoan parasite responsible for the disease surra, an economically important disease of wide range of domestic and wild animals. The present diagnostic methods using soluble antigens have inherent problems like lack of standardized and reproducible antigens, as well as ethical issues. This entails further efforts for search of defined antigenic molecules with satisfying sensitivity and specificity for sero-epidemiology of trypanosomosis. In present investigation, we have identified and purified 52–55 kDa immunodominant protein cluster in molecular mass ranges by preparatory SDS-PAGE methods from T. evansi proteome. The purified protein was further characterized by hyper immune serum raised in rabbits and also further evaluated for its immunodiagnostic potential using experimentally infected horse serum samples by different immunological tests. The immunoblot, ELISA and dot blot assay using purified cluster in infected pooled serum samples showed detection of infection early as 10th days post infection till termination of experiment. The observations revealed that purified cluster is expressed not only at early stage but also persisted and detected throughout course of infection. Further, whole cell lysate antigen separated out and detected 141 spots by 2-D gel electrophoresis. The isoelectric focussing (PI) of 52–55 kDa was determined in pH range between 6.9 and 7.5 along with two other cluster of proteins recognised by immune sera of ponies infected with T. evansi. MS/MS analysis of the purified protein cluster identified five proteins i.e. pyruvate kinase 1, beta tubulin, paraflagellar rod protein, alanine aminotransferase and variable surface glycoprotein showing homology to protein present in Trypanosome database. These identified proteins may be useful for development of vaccines and diagnostic targets against animal trypanosomosis.Not Availabl

PARASITOLOGICAL, BIOCHEMICAL AND CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS IN PONIES EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED WITH Trypanosoma evansi

KEYWORDS Trypanosoma evansi Ponies ABSTRACT The present investigation aimed to study the parasitological, biochemical and clinical alterations in ponies during the course of Trypanosoma evansi experimental infection. Six female ponies were experimentally infected sub-cutaneously with mice adapted 2x10 6 T. evansi parasites, isolated from naturally infected horse, while two ponies were maintained as uninfected healthy controls. All six ponies became parasitologically positive between 5-7 days post infection (DPI) tested by standard parasitological detection method (SPDM) by blood smear examination showing varying degree of parasitaemia and two prominent peaks during the course of infection. The main clinical signs observed were intermittent fever, weakness, emaciation, anaemia, anorexia and incoordination in hind quarters leading to significant weight loss at terminal stage of infection. All the infected ponies developed subacute to acute disease within 56 days and reached to recumbency stage. Of them, four ponies died at different stages of infection and few of them showing neurological signs at terminal stage of infection. The present investigation also revealed that horse ponies are more susceptible than donkeys in experimental infection of T. evansi. Haematological studies showed a gradual fall in the levels of haemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (HCT) and red blood cell (RBC) count from 10.57 to 4.83 (g/dl), 32.81 to 16.33 (%) and 8.53 to 3.33 (x10 12 cells/l) respectively, in infected animals over the study period. Seru

Antigenic characterization of 52-55 kDa protein isolated from Trypanosoma evansi and its application in detection of equine trypanosomosis

Trypanosome evansi is a haemo-protozoan parasite responsible for the disease surra, an economically important disease of wide range of domestic and wild animals. The present diagnostic methods using soluble antigens have inherent problems like lack of standardized and reproducible antigens, as well as ethical issues. This entails further efforts for search of defined antigenic molecules with satisfying sensitivity and specificity for sero-epidemiology of trypanosomosis. In present investigation, we have identified and purified 52-55 kDa immunodominant protein cluster in molecular mass ranges by preparatory SDS-PAGE methods from T. evansi proteome. The purified protein was further characterized by hyper immune serum raised in rabbits and also further evaluated for its immunodiagnostic potential using experimentally infected horse serum samples by different immunological tests. The immunoblot, ELISA and dot blot assay using purified cluster in infected pooled serum samples showed detection of infection early as 10th days post infection till termination of experiment. The observations revealed that purified cluster is expressed not only at early stage but also persisted and detected throughout course of infection. Further, whole cell lysate antigen separated out and detected 141 spots by 2-D gel electrophoresis. The isoelectric focussing (PI) of 52-55 kDa was determined in pH range between 6.9 and 7.5 along with two other cluster of proteins recognised by immune sera of ponies infected with T. evansi. MS/MS analysis of the purified protein cluster identified five proteins i.e. pyruvate kinase 1, beta tubulin, paraflagellar rod protein, alanine aminotransferase and variable surface glycoprotein showing homology to protein present in Trypanosome database. These identified proteins may be useful for development of vaccines and diagnostic targets against animal trypanosomosis

Not Available

Not AvailableThe present investigation aimed to study the parasitological, biochemical and clinical alterations in ponies during the course of Trypanosoma evansi experimental infection. Six female ponies were experimentally infected sub-cutaneously with mice adapted 2x106 T. evansi parasites, isolated from naturally infected horse, while two ponies were maintained as uninfected healthy controls. All six ponies became parasitologically positive between 5-7 days post infection (DPI) tested by standard parasitological detection method (SPDM) by blood smear examination showing varying degree of parasitaemia and two prominent peaks during the course of infection. The main clinical signs observed were intermittent fever, weakness, emaciation, anaemia, anorexia and incoordination in hind quarters leading to significant weight loss at terminal stage of infection. All the infected ponies developed sub-acute to acute disease within 56 days and reached to recumbency stage. Of them, four ponies died at different stages of infection and few of them showing neurological signs at terminal stage of infection. The present investigation also revealed that horse ponies are more susceptible than donkeys in experimental infection of T. evansi. Haematological studies showed a gradual fall in the levels of haemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (HCT) and red blood cell (RBC) count from 10.57 to 4.83 (g/dl), 32.81 to 16.33 (%) and 8.53 to 3.33 (x1012 cells/l) respectively, in infected animals over the study period. Serum urea, uric acid, triglyceride, cholesterol, bilirubin indirect (BID) and total bilirubin (BIT) contents increased, while albumin contents significantly decreased in T. evansi infected ponies at different stages indicating impairment of liver and kidney functions. However, no changes in parasitological and biochemical responses were observed in the healthy controls.Not Availabl